• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
罗彤, 李俊华, 华瑞, 罗自威, 程李洋. 滴施酸性有机肥浸提液对棉田土壤养分活化和利用效率的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(5): 1255-1265. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18012
引用本文: 罗彤, 李俊华, 华瑞, 罗自威, 程李洋. 滴施酸性有机肥浸提液对棉田土壤养分活化和利用效率的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(5): 1255-1265. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18012
LUO Tong, LI Jun-hua, HUA Rui, LUO Zi-wei, CHENG Li-yang. Effects of organic fertilizer extract on soil nutrient activation and use efficiency in cotton field[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(5): 1255-1265. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18012
Citation: LUO Tong, LI Jun-hua, HUA Rui, LUO Zi-wei, CHENG Li-yang. Effects of organic fertilizer extract on soil nutrient activation and use efficiency in cotton field[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(5): 1255-1265. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18012

滴施酸性有机肥浸提液对棉田土壤养分活化和利用效率的影响

Effects of organic fertilizer extract on soil nutrient activation and use efficiency in cotton field

  • 摘要:
    目的  随着水肥一体化施肥方式的应用,新疆棉花生产化肥投入量大大增加,有机肥投入不断降低。本研究探索用磷酸和硝酸浸提有机肥养分,利用酸性有机肥浸提液替代部分化肥的效果,为增加有机肥施用提供途径。
    方法  以腐熟鸡粪有机肥为原料,在塑料桶内,分别用pH为1的硝酸和磷酸,按照浸提剂与有机肥的质量比为5∶1进行浸提,恒温箱内保持25℃恒温,每8小时搅拌一次,浸提持续2天。浸提结束后用0.038 mm尼龙网过滤,滤液用于滴灌施肥。以不施肥、施用常规化肥和硝酸有机肥浸提液作对照 (代号依次为CK、CK1和NAE-CK);设置有机肥浸提液替代全量的磷肥、2/3磷肥和1/3磷肥三个替代量,施肥量分别为4950 L/hm2、3300 L/hm2、1650 L/hm2 (代号:PAE、2/3PAE、1/3PAE);再以pH为1的硝酸和磷酸为对照 (HN-CK、HP-CK),所有施肥处理以化肥补足至总养分量一致。分别在第五次施肥后5天 (花铃期),第八次施肥后10天 (吐絮期),在距滴灌带滴头处 (0 cm) 以及距离滴头15 cm和30 cm处,分别采集0—20 cm、20—40 cm和40—60 cm土壤,测定土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等有效养分含量。棉花成熟后每小区取植株3株,测植株氮磷钾吸收量,以实收产量计产。
    结果  1) 施用两种有机肥浸提液与施用硝酸和磷酸浸提剂相比,土壤有机质含量增加了1.4%~16.8%,而单施对应的酸性浸提剂却使土壤有机质含量较CK降低10.2%~25.5%。2) 酸性有机肥浸提液代替部分化肥较常规施肥均不同程度提高了土壤水平0—30 cm与垂直0—60 cm范围内氮、磷、钾有效养分的含量,尤其对0—20 cm土壤的磷有明显的活化作用,增加了作物对其吸收量。1/3磷肥替代量处理对土壤养分最高提升6.3%,但差异不显著;2/3磷肥替代量和替代全部磷肥处理对土壤养分别最高提升35.3%和58.1%,差异均达到显著水平。3) 磷酸有机肥浸提液和磷酸浸提剂处理对土壤磷和钾有明显的活化作用,磷酸有机肥浸提液效果优于硝酸有机肥浸提液;有机肥浸提液的pH与土壤速效磷呈负相关 (–0.491*),浸提液有机质含量与土壤速效钾有显著正相关 (0.497*)。4) 施用4950 L/hm2的硝酸有机肥浸提液对氮的利用效率最高 (53.1%),4950 L/hm2的磷酸浸提剂对磷和钾的利用效率最高 (28.9%和344.8%)。
    结论  有机肥浸提液作为一种新型酸性有机肥料,不仅适合新疆的滴灌施肥,还可以增加土壤有机质含量,活化新疆石灰性土壤的养分,尤其对于0—20 cm土壤的磷钾肥的利用效率提高显著。等施肥量下,磷酸有机肥浸提液对土壤的磷,钾活化效率高于硝酸有机浸提液,磷酸有机肥浸提液施肥量为3300 L/hm2时棉花产量最高,养分农学利用效率最高。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives  Drip irrigation technology in Xinjiang is widely used and mature. With the application of water and fertilizer integrated fertilization methods, input of chemical fertilizers has greatly increased, and proportion of organic fertilizers has continuously decreased. In this study, combination organic manure with drip irrigation system was studied to explore activation of acidic nutrient solution by organic acid fertilizer extracts and the nutrient utilization efficiency of cotton.
    Methods  In this study, the decomposed chicken manure was extracted with nitric acid (HN) and phosphoric acid (HP) at pH of 1 and drip-irrigated with chemical fertilizers. The organic fertilizer was used instead of the whole amount of phosphate fertilizer, 2/3 phosphate fertilizers and 1/3 phosphate fertilizers, the fertilization rates were 4950 L/hm2, 3300 L/hm2, 1650 L/hm2, and nitrate and phosphoric acid were used as the control at the same fertilization rate and fertilization gradient with a pH of 1 (other nutrients were supplemented with chemical fertilizers, and the total nutrients of all fertilization treatments were same). In the flowering and boll stage (5 days after the fifth fertilization) and the boll opening stage (10 days after the eighth fertilization), the soil samples were taken at different distances from the dripper level 0–30 cm and vertical 0–60 cm in the cotton field. Samples were taken twice to determine soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other effective nutrient content, and the activation of soil organic nutrients by the acidic organic fertilizer extract and the utilization efficiency of soil nutrients by cotton were studied.
    Results  The results showed that: 1) Compared with the application of nitric acid and phosphoric acid extractants, the application of organic fertilizer extracts increased the soil organic matter content by 1.4% to 16.8%, while the corresponding application of the acidic extractant resulted in a 10.2%–25.5% decrease in soil organic matter content compared with CK. 2) The acidic organic fertilizer extracts under the replace of part of the chemical fertilizers increased the effective nutrient contents of 0–30 cm and 0–60 cm of vertical soil, especially for available phosphorus at 0–20 cm. The effect was obvious, and increased the absorption of the nutrients by crops. The amount of soil nutrients increased by 6.3% with the replacement amount of the chemical fertilizer was 1/3, but the difference was not significant. The replacement of 2/3 of the total amount of phosphate fertilizer and the replacement of all phosphate fertilizers increased soil nutrient by 35.3% and 58.1%, and the differences all reached significant levels. 3) Soil phosphorus and potassium were significantly activated by the acidic phosphate organic fertilizer extracts and the phosphoric acid extractant, and phosphoric acid organic fertilizer was more effective than the nitric acid. There was a negative correlation between pH of the organic fertilizer extracts and soil available phosphorus (–0.491*), and the organic matter content in the extracts had a significant positive correlation with soil available potassium (0.497*). 4) The application efficiency of nitrogen was the highest (53.1%) in the application of 4950 L/hm2 nitric acid organic fertilizer extracts, and the phosphoric acid and potassium use efficiency of the phosphoric acid extractor treatment of 4950 L/hm2 was the highest (28.9% and 344.8%).
    Conclusions  As a new type of acidic organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer extracts can not only adapt to drip fertigation in Xinjiang, but also increase soil organic matter content and activate nutrients in Xinjiang calcareous soil, especially for the use efficiencies of phosphorus and potash fertilizers in 0–20 cm soil. Under the same amount of fertilization, the phosphorus and potassium activation efficiencies of phosphate organic fertilizer extract solution were higher than those of the nitrate organic extractant, and the highest yield was obtained when the phosphoric acid organic fertilizer extract solution was 3300 L/hm2. The nutrient agronomic efficiency was the highest.

     

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