Evolution characteristics of soil nutrients in the main rice production regions, the middle-lower reach of Yangtze River of China
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摘要: 【目的】目前我国的水稻产量约占粮食总产量的一半以上,面积占耕地总面积的30%,为了探明我国水稻土土壤养分和肥力的演变特征,科学合理地指导稻田土壤养分管理和施肥,本文对长江中下游水稻主产区20世纪80年代以来国家水稻土长期动态监测数据进行了整理分析。【方法】 利用时间趋势分析和中值分析的方法对长江中下游地区稻田土壤养分随时间的变化趋势进行了分析,分别总结了土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)的含量以及土壤pH在不同监测时期的演变特征和总体变化趋势;用统计分析得出不同监测时期施肥量的变化情况;运用主成分分析的方法对上述6大肥力指标对该区土壤综合肥力属性的年代变化趋势所产生的作用和影响进行了分析,得出不同监测时期土壤肥力主要贡献因子和限制性因子的变异情况。【结果】 1)我国长江中下游地区稻田土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量与监测初期相比均略有升高,其中有机质含量从监测中期到监测后期上升趋势明显 (P0.05),碱解氮从监测初期到中期也呈显著性增加趋势 ( P0.05); 2)监测25年来,土壤有效磷含量从12.4 mg/kg增加到12.9 mg/kg,土壤速效钾含量总体上呈稳中有升的变化趋势,与监测初期相比,监测中期和监测后期的速效钾含量分别增加了13.9 mg/kg和17.9 mg/kg; 3)土壤pH值总体呈缓慢降低的趋势,下降了0.37个单位,表明在当前的施肥和田间管理措施下我国水稻土存在一定的酸化趋势; 4)土壤全氮、碱解氮与有机质含量变化存在显著的正相关关系(P0.01),且变化趋势基本一致; 5)与监测初期相比, 20~25年后水稻土土壤肥力主要贡献因子由全氮、碱解氮和有机质转变为全氮、碱解氮和速效钾,主要限制因素从有效磷和速效钾含量的缺乏转向pH值的逐渐降低。【结论】在农民习惯的耕作施肥管理条件下,该地区稻田土壤养分含量基本呈上升趋势,说明土壤肥力总体上得到了改善;但土壤pH在一定程度上已显现出对土壤肥力的限制性作用,所导致的酸化趋势需要关注。另外,从农田养分平衡管理的角度看,土壤速效钾和有效磷仍然是该区稻田持续生产和农业持续发展的重要影响因素,在施肥过程中对钾与磷的投入仍需加强,而氮肥施用量需要合理控制。Abstract: 【Objectives】In China, rice accounts for more than half of total grain production, and more than 30% of the total cultivated land. However, research of paddy soil nutrient evolution with large area scale on the national level has not been carried out, the evolution dynamic and process of soil fertility need to be investigated. In this study a long-term, since 1980s multi-point monitoring experiments were set up for investigating the evolution characteristics of soil nutrients and fertility in the major rice production regions, the middle-lower reach of Yangtze River of China. 【Methods】The temporal change and principal component analysis were carried out for the soil nutrients and the rational fertilization in the paddy fields. At first, the change of paddy soil nutrients over time in the area was analyzed using temporal change descriptive statistics analysis, and summarized results of the evolution characteristics and overall trend about soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), alkaline-hydrolyzable N (AN), available phosphorous (AP), available potassium (AK) content and soil pH in different monitoring periods. Secondly, the fertilization amount trend in different monitoring period was analyzed using statistical analysis. Finally, the role and influence of the six fertility indicators, at the temporal trend of integrated soil fertility properties were analyzed using the principal component analysis, and the results were provided with the variation of the main contribution factor and limiting factor of soil fertility in different monitoring periods. 【Results】 1) Compared with the first monitoring stage, SOM, TN and AN slightly increased after 20-25 years, SOM significantly increased from middle monitoring stage to the later monitoring stage (P0.05), while AN also significantly increased from first monitoring stage to the middle monitoring stage (P0.05). 2) AP increased from 12.4 mg/kg to 12.9 mg/kg. Similarly, AK was increased by 13.9 mg/kg and 17.9 mg/kg respectively in the middle monitoring stage and later monitoring stage compared with the first monitoring stage. 3) In general soil pH was decreased by 0.37 units, which indicated that the famers habitual fertilization model and field management led to soil acidification in the paddy field soils. 4) Three nutrient indexes (SOM, TN, and AN) were significantly positive correlations (P0.01), with a similar temporal change trends. 5) Compared with the first monitoring stage, 20-25 years later, the main contribution factors for soil fertility in these paddy fields were changed from TN, AN and SOM to TN, AN and AK. The main restricted factors for soil fertility were changed from the deficits of AP and AK to the declined pH value.【Conclusions】In general, the soil nutrients increased under famers habitual fertilization model in the paddy fields, which indicated that soil fertility improved. However, it appeared that the soil acidification became the restrict factors for soil fertility. In addition, from the perspective of farmland nutrient balance management, soil available potassium and phosphorus are still the key influence factors of sustainable production and development of agriculture in paddy soil. Potassium and phosphorus fertilizer inputs needs to be strengthened in the fertilization process, and nitrogen fertilizer needs to be reasonable controlled.
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Keywords:
- conventional fertilization /
- paddy field /
- soil nutrients /
- soil fertility /
- change trend
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