Application rate and time of potash for high cotton yield, quality and balance of soil potassium
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摘要: 【目的】研究钾肥用量和施用时期对棉花产量、 纤维品质、 钾肥利用率和棉田钾素平衡的影响,确定钾肥正确的用量和合适的施用时期,可为棉花主产区科学施肥提供依据。【方法】连续2年在山东平原县、 河北威县、 新疆昌吉市进行田间试验。钾肥用量试验山东设K2O 0、 30、 60、 120、 180、 240 kg/hm2,河北设K2O 0、 37.5、 75、 150、 225、 300 kg/hm2,新疆设K2O 0、 18.75、 37.5、 75、 112.5、 150 kg/hm2。钾肥施用时期试验3地点均设不施钾 (CK)、 钾肥100%基施、 钾肥50%基施+50%花期追施、 钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施、 钾肥50%蕾期+50%吐絮期追施、 钾肥50%花期+50%吐絮期追施。【结果】山东、 河北、 新疆试验点上棉花开花期后累积的钾占整个生育期钾素累积量的54%~62%、 70%~73%、 49%~67%。施用钾肥增加皮棉产量和收益,钾肥用量对棉花产量的影响2013年比2012年明显,三个地点钾肥用量对产量的影响新疆山东河北,其最高产量施钾量分别为142、 240、 174 kg/hm2,经济最佳施钾量分别为136、 212、 150 kg/hm2。钾肥不同用量除影响某些纤维指标外,对品质的影响没有显著差异。秸秆不还田时,山东和河北试验点钾肥用量180 kg/hm2 和150 kg/hm2时可以维持棉田钾素平衡,而在新疆所有钾肥用量下棉田钾素都是负平衡。河北和新疆50%钾肥蕾期+50%钾肥铃期追施、 山东50%钾肥基施+50%钾肥开花期追施的皮棉产量、 钾肥的农学效率和施钾经济效益高于其他施用时期。钾肥施用时期影响纤维长度、 断裂比强度或纤维伸长率,但因地点和试验年份而不同。施钾时期对纤维整齐度和马克隆值没有显著影响。【结论】钾肥用量对棉花纤维品质没有显著影响,主要影响棉花产量和经济效益。山东试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 180~240 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%基施+50%开花期追施; 河北试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 150~180 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施; 新疆试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 112.5~150 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施。Abstract: 【Objectives】The study on the right rate and right time of potash (K) application is the base for scientific use of fertilizers in main cotton areas.【Methods】 Field experiments were conducted successively two years in Shandong, Hebei and Xinjiang provinces. The treatments of K2O rate experiments were: 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg/hm2 in Shandong Province, 0, 37.5, 75, 150, 225, 300 kg/hm2 in Hebei Province, and 0, 18.75, 37.5, 75, 112.5, 150 kg/hm2 in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The treatments of K application time experiments in three locations all included: Control (no K), all K applied basally, 50% basally and 50% topdressing at flowering stage, topdressing 50% at bud stage and 50% at boll stage, topdressing 50% at bud stage and 50% at boll open stage, topdressing 50% at flowering stage and 50% at boll open stage.【Results】 The K application rates had no significant effect on the fiber quality, but on the yield and economic profit of cotton production. Potassium was mainly accumulated by aboveground cotton plants after flowering stage with the percentages of 54%-62%, 70%-73% and 49%-67% of total K accumulation during the whole growth period in the trials of Shandong, Hebei and Xinjiang, respectively. Potash application produced more lint cotton yield and economic benefit than K omission plots. The effect of potash rates on lint yield was more obvious in 2013 than in 2012 and the effect of potash rates on lint yield in different locations was XinjiangShandongHebei. The K2O rate for maximum yield was 142, 240, 174 kg/hm2 and for optimum economic yield was 136, 212, 150 kg/hm2, respectively. Compared with control without K, some fiber quality indices were affected by K application, but there were no significant difference between potash rates. When no straw returning, in Shandong and Hebei, annual application of K2O 180 and 150 kg/hm2 could sustain apparent soil K balance, but in Xinjiang, all the experimented K2O rates resulted in negative balance. The right time of potash application was topdressing 50% at bud stage and 50% at boll stage in Hebei and Xinjiang, and topdressing 50% at basal and 50% at flower stage in Shandong, which produced more lint yield, agronomic efficiency and economic benefit than other application time treatments. The length, strength and elongation of fiber were affected by the time of K application, although the effect varied in experimental years and locations, the length uniformity and macronaire value of fibre were not affected by application time.【Conclusions】Potash application rate has not affected the fibre quality, but the yield and profits of cotton production. The right rate and time of potash application in Shandong should be K2O 180-240 kg/hm2, with 50% basall and 50% topdressing at flowering stage; those in Hebei should be K2O 150-180 kg/hm2,topdressed 50% at bud stage and 50% at boll stage; those in Xinjiang should be K2O 112.5-150 kg/hm2, topdressed 50% at bud stage and 50% at boll stage.
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Keywords:
- cotton /
- potash rate /
- time of K application /
- cotton yield /
- fiber quality
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