• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
李银坤, 武雪萍, 武其甫, 吴会军. 水氮用量对设施栽培蔬菜地土壤氨挥发损失的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2016, 22(4): 949-957. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.15234
引用本文: 李银坤, 武雪萍, 武其甫, 吴会军. 水氮用量对设施栽培蔬菜地土壤氨挥发损失的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2016, 22(4): 949-957. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.15234
LI Yin-kun, WU Xue-ping, WU Qi-fu, WU Hui-jun. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on ammonia volatilization loss from vegetable fields under greenhouse cultivation[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016, 22(4): 949-957. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.15234
Citation: LI Yin-kun, WU Xue-ping, WU Qi-fu, WU Hui-jun. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on ammonia volatilization loss from vegetable fields under greenhouse cultivation[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016, 22(4): 949-957. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.15234

水氮用量对设施栽培蔬菜地土壤氨挥发损失的影响

Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on ammonia volatilization loss from vegetable fields under greenhouse cultivation

  • 摘要: 【目的】针对我国设施蔬菜生产中存在的水肥过量施用问题,研究不同水氮条件下黄瓜-番茄种植体系内的土壤氨挥发特征,探讨影响设施菜地土壤氨挥发的重要因子,为降低氮肥的氨挥发损失、 建立合理的灌溉和施肥制度提供参考。【方法】以华北平原设施黄瓜-番茄轮作菜地为研究对象,设常规灌溉(W1)和减量灌溉(W2)2个灌溉水平,每种灌溉水平下设不施氮(N0)、 减量施氮(N1)和常规施氮(N2)3个氮水平,共6个处理组合(W1N0、 W1N1、 W1N2、 W2N0、 W2N1、 W2N2)。采用通气法监测不同水氮条件下黄瓜-番茄轮作体系内的土壤氨挥发动态,分析与土壤氨挥发相关的主要影响因子。【结果】设施黄瓜-番茄种植体系内表层(0—10 cm)土壤铵态氮受施肥的影响波动较大,与常规施氮(N2)相比,相同灌水条件下减量施氮(N1)处理的0—10 cm土层铵态氮浓度最高值降低了25.1%~30.3%(P 0.05)。减量施氮可显著降低土壤氨挥发速率。与常规施氮(N2)相比,减量施氮处理(N1)在黄瓜季和番茄季内的氨挥发速率均值分别降低了21.1%~22.8%(P0.05)和16.5%~17.9%(P0.05)。整个黄瓜-番茄轮作周期内,土壤氨挥发损失量和氮肥的氨挥发损失率分别为17.8~48.1 kg/hm2和1.23%~1.44%。与常规施氮(N2)相比,减量施氮处理(N1)的土壤氨挥发损失量及氮肥的氨挥发损失率分别降低了19.3%~20.0%(P0.05)和0.85~0.92个百分点。各处理土壤氨挥发速率与0—10 cm土壤铵态氮浓度呈显著或极显著正相关,说明0—10 cm土壤铵态氮浓度是土壤氨挥发的重要驱动因子。与常规灌溉(W1)相比,减量灌溉(W2)条件下设施菜地土壤氨挥发速率及氨挥发损失量略有增加(P0.05)。适宜减少氮肥及灌溉量不仅能够维持较高的蔬菜产量,而且显著提高了灌溉水和氮肥的利用效率。其中减量施氮处理(N1)的氮肥农学效率比常规施氮(N2)提高了95.4%~146.4%; 减量灌溉(W2)的灌溉水农学效率比常规灌溉(W1)提高了27.7%~54.0%。【结论】通过合理的节水减氮措施可达到抑制氮肥氨挥发损失、 增加产量以及提高水氮利用效率的目的。在供试条件下,节水30%左右、 减施氮量25%的水氮组合(W2N1)具有较佳的经济效益与环境效应。

     

    Abstract: 【Objectives】 Excessive nitrogen fertilization and irrigation are common phenomena in greenhouse cultivated vegetable production in China. Objectives of this study were to identify characteristics of soil ammonia volatilization under different irrigation and nitrogen conditions, and to investigate impacts of important factors on soil ammonia volatilization in a cucumber-tomato rotation system. 【Methods】 The study was carried out with two irrigation levels, traditional irrigation (W1) and reduced irrigation quantity (W2), and three nitrogen application rates, traditional nitrogen rate (N2), reduced by 25% from traditional nitrogen rate (N1) and no nitrogen application (N0). There were six treatments, W1N0, W1N1, W1N2, W2N0,W2N1 and W2N2. The venting method was used to investigate the dynamics of ammonia volatilization and the key impact factors related to soil ammonia volatilization in the vegetable fields in the North China Plain. 【Results】 The nitrogen rates have significant effect on the ammonium nitrogen contents of topsoil (0-10 cm depth) in the cucumber-tomato rotation system. Compared to the traditional nitrogen treatment (N2), the peak value of the ammonium nitrogen concentration is reduced by 25.1%-30.3% (P0.05) in the reduced nitrogen treatment (N1) under the same irrigation condition. Reduction of the nitrogen rate significantly reduces the soil ammonia volatilization rate. Compared to the traditional nitrogen treatment (N2), the average rates of soil ammonia volatilization are reduced by 21.1%-22.8% (P0.05) and 16.5%-17.9% (P0.05) in the cucumber growing season and tomato growing season, respectively. The ammonia volatilization amount and loss ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer are 17.8-48.1 kg/hm2 and 1.23%-1.44% in the cucumber-tomato rotation system, respectively. Compared to the N2 treatment, the ammonia volatilization amount and loss ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer of the N1 treatment are reduced by 19.3%-20.0% (P 0.05) and 0.85-0.92 percentage point, respectively. There is a significantly positive correlation between the soil ammonia volatilization rate and 0-10 cm soil ammonium nitrogen concentration, which shows that the 0-10 cm soil ammonium nitrogen concentration is one of the important factors affecting soil ammonia volatilization. The soil ammonia volatilization rate and ammonia volatilization amount in the reduced irrigation treatment (W2) are higher than those in the traditional irrigation treatment (W1) (P0.05). Appropriate reduction of the nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation application not only has high vegetable production, but also significantly increases the irrigation water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Compared to the N2 treatment, the nitrogen agronomic efficiency is increased by 95.4%-146.4% in the N1 treatment, and compared to the W1 treatment, the irrigation water agronomic efficiency of the W2 treatment is increased by 27.7%-54.0%. 【Results】 By taking the reasonable measure of water-saving and nitrogen application reduction, the objectives of reducing the ammonia volatilization, increasing the yield and improving the irrigation water and nitrogen use efficiencies can be achieved. In summary, the combination of water-saving irrigation by 30% and nitrogen fertilizer reduction by 25% (W2N1) can make a good economic benefit and environmental effect in this experiment.

     

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