生物炭与氮肥配施对土壤肥力及红枣产量、品质的影响

袁晶晶; 同延安; 卢绍辉; 袁国军

doi:10.11674/zwyf.16285

摘要:

目的通过连续三年 (2013～2015 年) 田间试验，研究了生物炭与氮肥配施对华北平原枣区潮土土壤肥力及作物产量品质的影响，为华北平原枣区高效施肥和提高红枣产量品质及可持续发展提供理论依据。

方法以河南省濮阳市林科院田间试验为研究平台，15 年生扁核酸枣为供试材料，设置生物炭用量 4 个水平 (C₀、C₁、C₂、C₃，即 C 0、2.5、5、10 t/hm²)、氮肥用量 3 个水平 (N₁、N₂、N₃，即 N 300、450、600 kg/hm²)，采用“4 × 3”完全方案设计，加上完全空白处理 CK (不施生物炭和氮肥)，共计 13 个处理。在 9 月底红枣采收后，采集新鲜红枣测定其产量及品质，同时取 0—20 cm 土壤样品测定不同处理的土壤肥力。

结果1) 生物炭与氮肥配合施用，显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾的含量。同时也提高了土壤中速效氮、磷、钾的养分含量。土壤养分含量随着生物炭施用量的增加而增加。其中全氮和速效磷养分含量以 C₃N₃ 处理最高，与对照相比，分别增加了 80.28% 和 32.82%，全钾和全磷养分含量以 C₃N₁ 处理增加幅度最大，增幅分别为 55.3% 和 27.9%；C₃N₂ 处理的速效氮和速效钾含量最高，分别增加了 68.0% 和 41.0%。此外，培肥措施显著降低了土壤容重，C₃N₃ 处理的土壤容重最低，为 1.22 g/cm³，降低了 15.86%。2) 生物炭与氮肥配施总体上提高了红枣的总糖、维生素 C、可溶性固形物、蛋白质及氨基酸的含量，但仅氨基酸含量达到显著差异 (P < 0.05)，其中C₃N₁处理较对照增加100%。3) 不同施肥处理提高了扁核酸红枣的产量，较对照提高 4.5%～26.9%，其中 C₃N₁ 处理增产效果最明显。

结论生物炭与氮肥配合施用，对华北平原枣区的土壤养分吸收、土壤质量和红枣产量及品质起到了积极作用，可作为改善该枣区红枣生产力和土壤肥力的一种有效措施。生物炭施入土壤后，提高土壤肥力的同时也可以减少化肥的投入。生物炭10 t/hm²配施，氮肥300 kg/hm²为该试验区最佳施肥量。

Abstract:

ObjectivesA three years’ consecutive field experiment was carried out to study effect of application of different biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on soil fertility, jujube yield and quality in jujube orchards of the North China Plain in order to provide a scientific basis for high-efficient fertilization and sustainable development in jujube orchards.

MethodsField experiments were conducted from 2013–2015 in the Academy of Forestry Science of Puyang, Henan Province. A widely planted jujube cultivar in Henan Province was chosen and trees of fifteen-year-old were used as tested materials in this study. There were total of thirteen treatments, including CK (no fertilizer), four-level of biochar (C 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 t/hm², namely, C₀, C₁, C₂ and C₃) and three-level of nitrogen fertilizer (N 300, 450 and 600 kg/hm², namely, N₁, N₂ and N₃). At the end of September 2015, fresh jujube, and 0–20 cm surface soil samples were collected, and soil fertility, jujube yield and quality were investigated.

Results1) Compared with the control, the highest total nitrogen and available phosphorus contents was in the C₃N₃ treatment with increment of 80.3% and 32.8%, respectively; the highest total potassium and phosphorus contents were observed in the C₃N₁ treatment with increment of 55.3% and 27.9%, respectively; and the highest available nitrogen and potassium contents were observed in the C₃N₂ treatment with increment of 68.0% and 41.0%, respectively; the lowest soil bulk density (1.22 g/cm³) was observed in the C₃N₃ treatment with decrease of 15.9%. 2) The contents of total sugar, vitamin C, soluble solid, protein and amino acid of the jubilee fruits in the fertilization treatments were generally higher than in the control, but only amino acid content was increased significantly (P < 0.05), with the greatest increment of 100% in C₃N₁ treatment. 3) The yields of jujube in different fertilization treatments were increased by 4.5%–26.9% compared to the control, with the greatest value in the C₃N₁ treatment.

ConclusionsThe combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer plays an active role in increasing jujube yield and improving soil nutrient uptake, soil fertility. Biochar contributes both in reducing the input of the chemical fertilizer and improving soil fertility. The optimal amounts for biochar and nitrogen fertilizers according to the yield should be 10 t/hm² and 300 kg/hm², respectively.

生物炭与氮肥配施对土壤肥力及红枣产量、品质的影响

Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer application on soil fertility and jujube yield and quality