• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
赵亚南, 宿敏敏, 吕阳, 况福虹, 陈轩敬, 张跃强, 石孝均. 减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(4): 864-873. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16417
引用本文: 赵亚南, 宿敏敏, 吕阳, 况福虹, 陈轩敬, 张跃强, 石孝均. 减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(4): 864-873. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16417
ZHAO Ya-nan, SU Min-min, LÜ Yang, KUANG Fu-hong, CHEN Xuan-jing, ZHANG Yue-qiang, SHI Xiao-jun. Wheat yield, nutrient use efficiencies and soil nutrient balance under reduced fertilizer rate[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(4): 864-873. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16417
Citation: ZHAO Ya-nan, SU Min-min, LÜ Yang, KUANG Fu-hong, CHEN Xuan-jing, ZHANG Yue-qiang, SHI Xiao-jun. Wheat yield, nutrient use efficiencies and soil nutrient balance under reduced fertilizer rate[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(4): 864-873. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16417

减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡

Wheat yield, nutrient use efficiencies and soil nutrient balance under reduced fertilizer rate

  • 摘要:
    目的我国化肥过量施用现象普遍,不利于生态环境保护和农业可持续生产。研究化肥减量施用对小麦产量、籽粒灌浆和肥料利用率的影响,可以为我国化肥高效施用和零增长目标提供理论依据。
    方法在四川盆地进行了两个大田试验,以习惯施肥 (N、P2O5、K2O 分别为 180、120、45 kg/hm2) 为对照,设置减量施肥 (N、P2O5、K2O 分别为 96、60、45 kg/hm2) 处理,测定了小麦产量及构成、籽粒灌浆、花后干物质转运、旗叶叶绿素含量、养分平衡和肥料利用率。
    结果与习惯施肥相比,减量施肥下小麦产量、穗数、穗粒数没有显著变化,小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦千粒重显著提高 5.8%。根据 Logistics 方程拟合结果,减量施肥显著提高了小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦理论最大千粒重,渐增期、缓增期籽粒净增重,对其他灌浆参数影响不显著。减量施肥下小麦干物质转运量、转运率及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献率增加 28.5%、17.5% 和 20.7%,但花后旗叶叶绿素含量下降速度加快。习惯施肥和减量施肥土壤氮素盈余分别为 22.6 和 –30.2 kg/hm2,土壤磷盈余分别为 80.4 和 22.8 kg/hm2。减量施肥后氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率比习惯施肥提高 79.2%、69.1% 和 27.9%,磷肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率提高 91.1%、72.7% 和 68.5%。
    结论本试验的两年时间内,减量施肥可以维持小麦产量,促进小麦干物质转运及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献,但花后功能叶衰退加速。减量施肥下肥料利用率提高,土壤磷素盈余降低,土壤氮素亏缺,需要在确保维持小麦产量、土壤肥力和养分平衡的基础上,继续优化减氮量。

     

    Abstract:
    ObjectivesExcessive chemical fertilizer application is unfavorable for sustainable agricultural development. It is important to conduct optimize fertilization experiment for achieving fertilizer zero increase in China.
    MethodsTwo on-farm experiments were conducted in wheat-corn and wheat-rice rotation systems in a purple soil in the Sichuan Basin, southwest China. Taken conventional N, P2O5, K2O input of 180, 120, 45 kg/hm2 as control, reduced fertilizer rate (N, P2O5, K2O input of 96, 60, 45 kg/hm2) in wheat was applied. The wheat yield and its components, grain filling characteristics, translocation of dry matter and chlorophyll contents of flag leaves at the post-anthesis, nutrient balance and use efficiency were investigated.
    ResultsCompared with conventional fertilizer rate, wheat yield, the numbers of spikes, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight were not significantly changed under reduced fertilizer rate, expect for the 1000-grain weight in fields of wheat-maize cropping system. Based on the Logistic simulation model for the grain filling, the reduced fertilizer rate treatment significantly enhanced the maximum 1000-grain weight, the net increase of grain weight during the gradual and slow grain-filling periods, but not significant on other parameters. Reduced fertilizer rate increased the dry matter translocation, efficiency and contribution to grain by 28.5%, 17.5% and 20.7%, respectively, but accelerated the decline of chlorophyll in wheat flag leaves after flowering. Under conventional fertilizer rate, the soil N and P had surplus of 22.6 and 80.4 kg/hm2, respectively; under reduced rate soil N had a deficit of 30.2 kg/hm2, but still had a surplus P of 22.8 kg/hm2. The respective nutrient use efficiencies indicated by the partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiencies and apparent recovery efficiencies were significantly improved by 79.2%, 69.1% and 27.9% for the N fertilizer, and 91.1%, 72.7% and 68.5% for the P fertilizer.
    ConclusionsIn Sichuan Basin, the reduced fertilizer rate maintained the wheat yield, improved the nutrient use efficiencies, P balance, efficient translocation of dry matter and contribution to grain filling, but caused the deterioration of flag leaves and the soil N loss, which might result in a fertility decline especially in a long-term period due to an insufficiency under the current reduction rate of N fertilizers. Therefore, rational N fertilization rate needs to be further optimized in the future.

     

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