• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
姚丽贤, 周昌敏, 何兆桓, 李国良, 白翠华. 荔枝年度枝梢和花果发育养分需求特性[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(4): 1128-1134. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16303
引用本文: 姚丽贤, 周昌敏, 何兆桓, 李国良, 白翠华. 荔枝年度枝梢和花果发育养分需求特性[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(4): 1128-1134. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16303
YAO Li-xian, ZHOU Chang-min, HE Zhao-huan, LI Guo-liang, BAI Cui-hua. Annual nutrient demand for the growth of autumn branch, spica and fruit in litchi[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(4): 1128-1134. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16303
Citation: YAO Li-xian, ZHOU Chang-min, HE Zhao-huan, LI Guo-liang, BAI Cui-hua. Annual nutrient demand for the growth of autumn branch, spica and fruit in litchi[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(4): 1128-1134. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16303

荔枝年度枝梢和花果发育养分需求特性

Annual nutrient demand for the growth of autumn branch, spica and fruit in litchi

  • 摘要: 目的荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)通常在夏季采果后进行修剪,抽生秋梢作为翌年结果母枝。生产中常有见花后或见果后才施肥现象,不重视对结果母枝的培育,对荔枝的成花和座果可能产生不良影响。本文研究荔枝采果修剪后新梢抽生、花穗萌发及果实膨大成熟年生长周期间树体吸收累积养分特性,为荔枝年度枝梢和花果发育的养分管理提供科学依据。方法妃子笑是我国最广泛种植的荔枝品种,通常在采后抽生2~3次秋梢,以末次梢为结果母枝。本文在妃子笑末次梢老熟期、初花期及果实成熟期分别收获三株妃子笑抽生的三次秋梢、秋梢+花穗、秋梢+果实,测定植株各种养分含量,研究妃子笑年度枝梢和花果发育养分需求量及养分转移特点。结果妃子笑末次梢生物量及各种养分(Ca例外)累积量均约为前两次梢之和。为获得(55.27.8)kg/tree的产量,每株妃子笑需抽生秋梢(39.782.60)kg,秋梢累积养分量为N(259.528.4)g、P(28.32.6)g、K(186.519.6)g、Ca(41.69.2)g、Mg(36.14.7)g、S(12.436.1)g、Zn(316.853.4)mg、B(201.129.0)mg和Mo(1.40.3)mg。妃子笑花穗累积的N、P、K、Mg、S、Mo养分全部来自于末次梢,67.5%的Zn和20.2%的B也来自末次梢。但是,末次梢吸收Ca能力弱,而且向花穗及果实转移Ca能力低。妃子笑秋梢与花穗N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分累积比例在1:0.11~0.12:0.72~0.75:0.16~0.44:0.13~0.14之间,在果实比例为1:0.13:1.06:0.16:0.12。结论荔枝在末次梢老熟至开花初期,树体除继续累积Ca、Zn、B外,基本不吸收其他养分。果实累积的N、K、Ca、Zn、S养分基本全部来自果实膨大期树体的吸收,而P、Mg、B、Mo则部分来自于第一和第二梢的养分转移。故健壮秋梢是荔枝成花的关键,也是获得高产的物质基础,应避免见花施肥或见果施肥。秋梢及花穗发育期以施用氮肥为主,果实发育期以施用钾肥为主。

     

    Abstract: Objectives Autumn branches generally sprout after fruit harvest and act as bearing base shoot in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Fertilizer is often applied only after the flowering and fruit setting in the practice, which is not good for the breeding of fruit bearing shoot, and might negatively impact the flowering and fruit setting of litchi. Annual nutrient requirement by annual growth of autumn branch, spica and fruit in litchi was investigated in this work to supply basis for nutrient management in litchi.Methods Feizixiao, the most widely grown litchi cultivar in China, was chosen as tested materials in this study. Autumn branches of litchi tree usually sprout twice to three times every year, and only the last sprouted branches bear fruits. Nine litchi trees (Feizixiao) were chosen to harvest for sampling treatments and each treatment with three trees. All the samples of the autumn branches, spicas and fruits were collected in the stages of last autumn branch maturing, flowering and fruit swelling, respectively. The biomass of the trees was weighed and the nutrient concentrations in different parts of the trees were determined. The nutrient accumulation and transfer through the litchi tissues were calculated.Results The biomass of the last branches and their nutrient accumulation approximately equaled to the sum of the first and the second ones. For formation of (55.27.8) kg/tree of yield, about (39.782.60) kg of autumn branches were needed to be produced, and the corresponding nutrient accumulation was N (259.528.4) g, P (28.32.6) g, K (186.519.6) g, Ca (41.69.2) g, Mg (36.14.7) g, S (12.436.1) g, Zn (316.853.4) mg, B (201.129.0) mg and Mo (1.40.3) mg. All of the N, P, K, Mg, S, Mo, 67.5% of Zn and 20.2% of B accumulated in the spicas were transferred from the last autumn branches. Ca was not efficiently taken up by the last branches and then delivered to the spica and the fruit. N, P, K, Ca and Mg accumulated in the autumn branch and the spica with the ratio of 1:0.11-0.12:0.72-0.75:0.16-0.44:0.13-0.14, and in the fruit with the ratio of 1:0.13:1.06:0.16:0.12.Conclusions Litchi tree did not absorb nutrients from last autumn branch maturing stage to early flowering stage, with the exception of Ca, Zn and B. Almost all of the N, K, Ca, Zn and S required by the fruit were newly absorbed during the fruit swelling, and partial P, Mg, B and Mo were originated from the first and the second autumn branch. Consequently, vigorous autumn branch is the key of the flowering of litchi and the base of high fruit yield. Fertilization only after the flowering or fruit setting should be avoided in litchi production. Nitrogen fertilizer should dominate in the nutrient management during the autumn branch development, and potash is preferable during the fruit swelling.

     

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