• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
黄绍文, 唐继伟, 李春花, 张怀志, 袁硕. 我国蔬菜化肥减施潜力与科学施用对策[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(6): 1480-1493. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17366
引用本文: 黄绍文, 唐继伟, 李春花, 张怀志, 袁硕. 我国蔬菜化肥减施潜力与科学施用对策[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(6): 1480-1493. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17366
HUANG Shao-wen, TANG Ji-wei, LI Chun-hua, ZHANG Huai-zhi, YUAN Shuo. Reducing potential of chemical fertilizers and scientific fertilization countermeasure in vegetable production in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(6): 1480-1493. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17366
Citation: HUANG Shao-wen, TANG Ji-wei, LI Chun-hua, ZHANG Huai-zhi, YUAN Shuo. Reducing potential of chemical fertilizers and scientific fertilization countermeasure in vegetable production in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(6): 1480-1493. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17366

我国蔬菜化肥减施潜力与科学施用对策

Reducing potential of chemical fertilizers and scientific fertilization countermeasure in vegetable production in China

  • 摘要: 本文基于国家大宗蔬菜产业技术体系养分管理岗位团队“十一五”和“十二五”计划对全国蔬菜的试验和调查结果(共1227个农户地块,其中578个设施蔬菜地块,649个露地蔬菜地块),细致分析了我国蔬菜化肥和有机肥使用本底及施肥中存在的主要问题。分析结果表明,1) 我国蔬菜化肥养分 (N + P2O5 + K2O) 用量平均为1092.0 kg/hm2,是全国农作物化肥养分用量 (328.5 kg/hm2) 的3.3倍,其中设施和露地蔬菜化肥养分用量平均分别为1354.5和 859.5 kg/hm2,分别是全国农作物化肥养分用量的4.1和2.6倍。2) 我国蔬菜肥料 (化肥 + 有机肥) 中氮、磷和钾各自总用量普遍超量,主要设施蔬菜N、P2O5和K2O施用总量平均分别是各自推荐量的1.9、5.4和1.6倍,主要露地蔬菜N、P2O5和K2O施用总量平均分别是各自推荐量的2.7、5.9和1.5倍,区域间蔬菜肥料养分用量不均衡现象突出,蔬菜种类间肥料养分用量差异大。3) 有机肥和基施化肥中的N、P2O5、K2O比例不合理,P2O5占比明显过高。设施栽培蔬菜总养分投入、有机肥养分和基施化肥养分N∶P2O5∶K2O分别为1.00∶0.85∶0.94、1.00∶1.10∶0.88和1.00∶0.95∶1.09;露地蔬菜三者比例平均分别为1.00∶0.63∶0.56、1.00∶1.01∶0.84和1.00∶0.90∶0.67。4) 基肥化肥养分用量比例普遍过高,设施和露地蔬菜平均分别达到45.7%和51.0%,其中华北、华东、华中和西南地区设施蔬菜基肥化肥养分比例平均在45.5%~68.7%之间,华中地区露地蔬菜基肥化肥养分比例平均高达63.0%。5) 按合理施肥条件下设施蔬菜有机肥替代化肥45%、露地蔬菜有机肥替代化肥35%的比例估算,主要设施蔬菜化肥养分减施潜力平均在34.8%~67.1%之间,主要露地蔬菜化肥养分减施潜力在41.9%~76.8%之间。我国主要菜区今后在减少N、P2O5、K2O投入总量的同时,应高度重视协调N、P2O5、K2O比例以及化肥的基追肥比例,改进磷肥使用策略,并制订化肥精准减量、有机肥替代化肥、施用专用新型化肥、推广水肥一体化技术等技术对策。

     

    Abstract: The vegetable nutrient management team of CARS-23 (China Agriculture Research System) has investigated the fertilization situation in 1227 farmers’ vegetable plots, including 578 greenhouse vegetable plots and 649 open field vegetable plots around China. The acquired data were summarized in this paper, and the problems existed were as follows, 1) The average amount of nutrient (N + P2O5 + K2O) from chemical fertilizers in vegetables production was 1092.0 kg/hm2, which was 3.3 times as high as that of crops in China (328.5 kg/hm2). The average chemical nutrient application in greenhouse and open field vegetable were respectively 1354.5 and 859.5 kg/hm2, which were respectively 4.1 and 2.6 times as high as that of crops in our country. 2) The N, P2O5 and K2O inputs from both the chemical fertilizers and organic manure were all excessive, the N, P2O5 and K2O inputs in the greenhouse vegetables are respectively 1.9, 5.4, 1.6 times of those recommended, and those in the open fields were 2.7, 5.9, 1.5 times. 3) The fertilization was not balance generally in all the surveyed main vegetable production regions. The average ratio of N∶P2O5∶K2O input in the total nutrients (including chemical fertilizers and organic manures), in organic manures and in basal-applied chemical fertilizers was respectively 1.00∶0.85∶0.94, 1.00∶1.10∶0.88, and 1.00∶0.95∶1.09 in the greenhouses, and 1.00∶0.63∶0.56, 1.00∶1.01∶0.84, and 1.00∶0.90∶0.67 in the open fields. P2O5 input was obviously too high in the total nutrient inputs (chemical fertilizers + organic manures), organic manures and basal applied chemical fertilizers. 4) The basal-applied ratio of chemical fertilizer nutrients (N + P2O5 + K2O) was commonly too high in both greenhouse and open field vegetables, with the average ratio of 45.7% and 51.0%, respectively. Thereinto, the average ratio in greenhouse in North, East, Central, and Southwestern ranged from 45.5% to 68.7%, and that was as high as 63.0% in open fields in Central China. 5) For rational fertilization, in which the chemical nutrients were substituted with 45% of organic manure in greenhouse vegetable and 35% in open field vegetable, the average reduction potential of nutrients from chemical fertilizers in main greenhouse vegetables and open field vegetables was respectively 34.8%–67.1% and 41.9%–76.8%. We should pay much more attention on coordinating N∶P2O5∶K2O ratio and basal-topdressing ratio of chemical fertilizers, and decreasing the P2O5 application ratios. In addition, developing countermeasures about the efficient technologies of chemical fertilizer reduction, chemical fertilizers substituted with organic manure, new special-purpose fertilizer application, drip fertigation technology promotion are needed.

     

/

返回文章
返回