• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
严田蓉, 何艳, 唐源, 彭志芸, 马鹏, 余华清, 丁峰, 王春雨, 孙永健, 杨志远, 马均. 缓释尿素与普通尿素配施对直播杂交籼稻叶片生长及产量的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(5): 729-740. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18194
引用本文: 严田蓉, 何艳, 唐源, 彭志芸, 马鹏, 余华清, 丁峰, 王春雨, 孙永健, 杨志远, 马均. 缓释尿素与普通尿素配施对直播杂交籼稻叶片生长及产量的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(5): 729-740. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18194
YAN Tian-rong, HE Yan, TANG Yuan, PENG Zhi-yun, MA Peng, YU Hua-qing, DING Feng, WANG Chun-yu, SUN Yong-jian, YANG Zhi-yuan, MA Jun. Effects of slow-release urea combined with conventional urea on leaf growth and yield formation of indica hybrid rice under direct seeding cultivation[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(5): 729-740. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18194
Citation: YAN Tian-rong, HE Yan, TANG Yuan, PENG Zhi-yun, MA Peng, YU Hua-qing, DING Feng, WANG Chun-yu, SUN Yong-jian, YANG Zhi-yuan, MA Jun. Effects of slow-release urea combined with conventional urea on leaf growth and yield formation of indica hybrid rice under direct seeding cultivation[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(5): 729-740. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18194

缓释尿素与普通尿素配施对直播杂交籼稻叶片生长及产量的影响

Effects of slow-release urea combined with conventional urea on leaf growth and yield formation of indica hybrid rice under direct seeding cultivation

  • 摘要:
    目的 逐步采用机械化直播的集约栽培模式已是水稻种植的主要趋势之一,本文研究了机械化水稻直播条件下,缓释尿素与普通尿素不同配施对水稻生长和产量的影响特征,为直播稻的高产高效施肥技术提供理论基础。
    方法 以优质杂交籼稻‘宜香优2115’为材料,采用两因素裂区设计,主区为直播 (CD) 和手插 (CH) 两种栽植模式;副区为氮肥运筹方式,总施氮量150 kg/hm2,设普通尿素按基、蘖、穗肥配比为3∶3∶4 (U30),普通尿素全量基施 (U100),缓释尿素全量基施 (S100) 及缓释尿素 (基肥) 与普通尿素 (穗肥) 配比为8∶2 (S80)、6∶4 (S60)、4∶6 (S40) 6种肥料运筹方式,以不施氮肥 (CK) 为对照。调查了直播水稻的叶色变化、叶片生长、LAI、剑叶光合作用和叶片碳氮代谢及其与产量形成的关系。
    结果 1) 直播稻产量略高于手插稻,前者有效穗数优势显著,后者优势在于每穗粒数,其产量差异表现取决于有效穗数和每穗粒数是否充分互补,具体体现在总颖花数,优势肥料处理在有效穗数和每穗粒数上协调性更强。2) 缓释尿素与普通尿素的配施处理下叶色表现,直播稻和手插稻分别呈“三黑三黄”和“二黑二黄”交替变化,直播稻的叶色相对较浅;直播稻叶片生长前快后慢,齐穗期LAI及齐穗后剑叶Pn值均较低,但其高效叶面积率较高,表明后期群体上部功能叶叶面积较大,群体质量较高;在叶片碳氮代谢上,直播稻中、后期叶片NSC/N较高,碳代谢较旺盛,两种栽植方式中高产处理后期叶片NSC/N相近,均较低,但代谢途径不同,直播稻主要通过增强氮代谢,手插稻则通过增强碳水化合物的同化进行调节。增加穗肥占比可有效优化直播稻中后期的叶片质量。3) 相关分析显示,孕穗期的叶片增长率、LAI、剑叶Pn及叶片NSC/N均与产量呈显著或极显著相关,表明孕穗期的叶片质量是影响产量形成的关键。4) 直播稻和手插稻分别在基肥 (缓释尿素) 与穗肥 (普通尿素) 配比为4∶6和8∶2下产量最高,分别达12.11 t/hm2和11.51 t/hm2,较普通尿素常规运筹 (U30) 分别增产15.55%和5.40%。
    结论 缓释尿素与普通尿素配施下,增大速效穗肥比例,前期控氮控群体,后期增氮壮个体,实现直播稻群体与个体的协调,增强后期氮代谢,有效调节叶片碳氮比,提高叶片质量防早衰,是增产的有效途径。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives It is one of the main irreversible trends to adopt mechanized direct seeding intensive cultivation mode progressively in rice plants. Combination of slow-release urea and urea under direct seeding condition could provide theoretical and practical basis that aim to acquire high yield and improve high efficiency fertilization techniques for direct seeding rice.
    Methods An experiment was conducted using the split plot design with two factors, and ‘Yixiangyou 2115’ high-quality hybrid indica rice, was used as material. The main plot was two cultivation methods: direct seeding (CD) and transplanting by hand (CH), and the subplot was six N application ratios in total amount of 150 kg/hm2, the ratio of urea application for basal N, tiller N and panicle N was 3∶3∶4 (U30), urea as single basal application (U100), slow-release urea as single basal application (S100), the ratios of slow-release urea(basal N) and urea (panicle N) was 8∶2 (S80), 6∶4 (S60), and 4∶6 (S40), and without N application served as a control (CK). In comparison to hand-transplanting rice, changes of leaf color, leaf growth, LAI, photosynthesis of flag leaves and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of leaves and their relationship with yield formation were investigated in direct seeding rice.
    Results 1) The yield of the direct seeding rice was slightly higher than that of the hand-transplanting rice, while the former had a significant advantage in effective panicles and the latter advantage was grains per panicle. However, the advantages and disadvantages depended on whether effective panicles and grains per panicle were effective complementary, which reflected in the total number of spikelets. Superior treatment was more coordinated in terms of effective panicles and grains per panicle. 2) Under the combined application of slow-release urea and regular urea, the leaf color of direct seeding rice showed that was alternating with “thrice black and thrice yellow”, the hand-transplanting rice appeared change of “twice black and twice yellow”, the leaf color of direct seeding rice was relatively shallow. The leaf growth of direct seeding rice manifested as early fast and late slow, both LAI at the heading stage and Pn value of the flag leaves after the heading stage were relatively low. However, the more effective leaf area rate indicated that the upper functional leaf area of the later population was larger, and the quality of population was better. The carbon metabolism of direct seeding rice leaves was more vigorous, and the NSC/N ratio was higher at the middle and late stages, and the NSC/N of the high yield treatment was lower, which was similar to the one of hand-transplanting rice at the later stage. But the metabolism pathway was different; the direct seeding rice was strengthened in nitrogen metabolism, while the hand-transplanting rice was mainly regulated by enhancing carbohydrate assimilation. Increased the ratio of panicle N can effectively optimize the leaf quality at the mid-late stage of direct seeding rice. 3) The correlation analysis suggested that leaf growth rate, LAI, flag leaf Pn and leaf NSC/N at the booting stage were significantly or extremely significantly correlated with yield, which indicated that leaf quality at the booting stage was the key to affecting yield formation. 4) Direct seeding rice and hand-transplanting rice had the highest yields at the ratios of 4∶6 and 8∶2 for base fertilizer (slow-release urea) and panicle fertilizer (regular urea) treatments, respectively, reaching 12.11 t/hm2 and 11.51 t/hm2, and the yields were higher than those of the regular urea treatments, separately by 15.55% and 5.40%.
    Conclusions This study indicated that the slow-release urea combined with urea increased the proportion of panicle fertilizer, controlled populations at the early stage and enhanced individuals at the later stage, it can be achieved the coordination between population and individual of direct seeding rice, enhanced the later stage nitrogen metabolism, effectively regulated the leaf carbon-nitrogen ratio, and improved leaf quality and prevented premature aging, so it’s an effective way to increase grain yield.

     

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