• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
吕真真, 刘秀梅, 侯红乾, 冀建华, 蓝贤瑾, 冯兆滨, 刘益仁. 长期不同施肥对红壤性水稻土磷素及水稻磷营养的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(8): 1316-1324. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18340
引用本文: 吕真真, 刘秀梅, 侯红乾, 冀建华, 蓝贤瑾, 冯兆滨, 刘益仁. 长期不同施肥对红壤性水稻土磷素及水稻磷营养的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(8): 1316-1324. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18340
LÜ Zhen-zhen, LIU Xiu-mei, HOU Hong-qian, JI Jian-hua, LAN Xian-jin, FENG Zhao-bin, LIU Yi-ren. Effects of long-term fertilizations on soil phosphorus and its supply to rice in red paddy soil[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(8): 1316-1324. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18340
Citation: LÜ Zhen-zhen, LIU Xiu-mei, HOU Hong-qian, JI Jian-hua, LAN Xian-jin, FENG Zhao-bin, LIU Yi-ren. Effects of long-term fertilizations on soil phosphorus and its supply to rice in red paddy soil[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(8): 1316-1324. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18340

长期不同施肥对红壤性水稻土磷素及水稻磷营养的影响

Effects of long-term fertilizations on soil phosphorus and its supply to rice in red paddy soil

  • 摘要:
    目的 合理的土壤磷素管理对作物生产和环境保护具有重要意义。南方双季稻田土壤磷素特征及磷素吸收信息相对缺乏,本文利用江西省稻田土壤质量演变定位监测试验为平台,系统分析长期不同施肥措施下土壤全磷、磷活化系数及水稻磷素吸收量的变化特征和全磷与磷盈亏的响应关系等,为指导磷肥合理施用提供重要科学依据。
    方法 从1984年开始在江西省南昌市进行长期定位试验,设置8个处理,分别为不施肥对照 (CK),PK、NP、NK、NPK、70%化肥氮+30%有机肥氮 (70F + 30M)、50%化肥氮+50%有机肥氮 (50F + 50M)、30%化肥氮+70%有机肥氮 (30F + 70M)。早稻施用纯N、P2O5和K2O量分别为150、60和150 kg/hm2,晚稻分别为180、60和150 kg/hm2。早、晚稻施用的氮、磷、钾化肥均分别为尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾,有机肥分别为紫云英 (N、P2O5、K2O含量分别为0.30%、0.08%、0.23%) 和腐熟猪粪 (N、P2O5、K2O含量分别为0.45%、0.19%、0.60%)。除30F + 70M处理,其余处理均为等氮磷钾设计。于1984—2012年每年早、晚稻收获期采集秸秆和稻谷计产,并于晚稻收获后,测定土壤全磷和有效磷含量。分析土壤全磷、磷活化系数 (PAC) 及早、晚稻磷素吸收量随种植年限的变化规律,研究土壤全磷含量与磷累积盈亏的响应关系。
    结果 经29年连续试验,NK处理土壤全磷含量以每年4.6 mg/kg的速度下降,而含磷化肥处理土壤全磷含量升高速率为3.3~19.4 mg/(kg·a)。有机无机配施处理 (70F + 30M、50F + 50M和30F + 70M) 升高速率平均为16.1 mg/(kg·a),是施NPK肥处理的4.89倍。施磷土壤全磷含量平均增至1.07 g/kg (2010—2012平均值),较初始值提高了1.18倍。不施磷肥处理土壤磷活化系数 (PCA) 由试验初始的4.24%下降至2.5%左右,施磷肥处理则均显著升高,其中有机无机配施处理平均升高至8.51%,平均年升高速率是施NPK处理的2.89倍。早、晚稻磷素吸收量,施磷肥 (PK、NP和NPK) 和化肥配施有机肥处理 (70F + 30M、50F + 50M和30F + 70M) 均显著高于CK,提高幅度分别为29.9%~124%和28.6%~103%,均衡施肥 (NPK、70F + 30M、50F + 50M和30F + 70M) 磷素吸收量显著高于不均衡施肥 (PK和NP) 处理,前者平均分别较后两者提高了38.7%和32.9%。早、晚稻产量与磷素吸收量呈极显著线性正相关关系,每吸收磷 (P) 1 kg,早稻和晚稻产量分别可提高115和106 kg/hm2。不施肥 (CK) 条件下,土壤全磷变化与累积磷盈亏间无显著相关关系,施NK肥处理土壤中每亏缺磷100 kg/hm2,土壤全磷含量降低6.0 mg/kg,施化学磷肥的3个处理,土壤中每盈余磷100 kg/hm2,平均提高9.3 mg/kg,而3个有机–无机配施处理,土壤中每盈余磷100 kg/hm2,平均增加63.3 mg/kg,是无机磷肥的6.78倍。
    结论 无论是单施化学磷肥,还是有机无机配施均有效提高土壤全磷含量及磷活化系数,且在等磷量投入条件下,有机无机配施较单施化肥的效果更优。建议减少中国南部红壤性稻田土壤的总磷输入量和提高有机肥施用比例,以改善粮食生产和保护环境。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Rational soil phosphorus (P) management is important to crop production and environment protection. There has been few studies focusing on soil phosphorus and its absorption in double cropping rice in southern China. This paper analyzed soil phosphorus evolution, phosphorus activation coefficient, plant P uptake and P budget based on a long-term paddy soil quality evolution monitor experiment (since 1984) in Jiangxi Province, China to provide important scientific basis for guiding rational application of phosphate fertilizer.
    Methods The long-term experiment started in 1984 in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China. It included eight fertilization treatments with triplicates: no nutrient input (CK), chemical PK, chemical NP, chemical NK, chemical NPK, 70% mineral N plus 30% organic fertilizer N (70F + 30M), 50% mineral N plus 50% organic fertilizer N (50F + 50M), and 30% mineral N plus 70% organic fertilizer N (30F + 70M). The chemical fertilizers were urea, SSP and potash chloride. For early rice, the rates were N 150, P2O5 60 and K2O 150 kg/hm2, and those for late rice were N 180, P2O5 60 and K2O 150 kg/hm2, respectively. The test organic fertilizers were milk vetch with N 0.30%, P2O5 0.08% and K2O 0.23%, and rotten pig manure with N 0.45%, P2O5 0.19% and K2O 0.60%, respectively. The application rates of organic manures were based on N equivalent and the deficits of P and K were supplemented by chemical fertilizers, except the supplemental K in 30F+70M treatment exceeded the designed quantity. Growth and grain yields of rice were measured each year (1984–2012), and the P content was analyzed. Soil samples were collected from 0–20 cm layer for soil total-P and Olsen-P determination. The cumulative P budget was discussed.
    Results After 29 years’ experiment, the soil total-P content decreased by 4.6 mg/(kg·a) in chemical NK treatment, while that was increased by 3.3–19.4 mg/(kg·a) in P containing treatments, and was averagely increased by 16.1 mg/(kg·a) in treatments of 70F + 30M, 50F + 50M and 30F + 70M, being 4.89 times of that in NPK treatment. The total P content increased to 1.07 g/kg averagely (mean value of 2010–2012), 1.18 times higher than that of initial value. The soil phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC) decreased from 4.24% to 2.5% in no P treatment, but increased significantly in P containing treatments. The average PAC was increased to 8.51% in three organic-inorganic fertilization treatments, which was 2.89 times of that in NPK treatment. The amounts of phosphorus uptake by both early and late rice plants in fertilizer treatments were significantly higher than those by CK, with increment ranges of 29.9%–124.2% or 28.6%–103.2%, respectively. Phosphorus uptake in balanced fertilization treatments (NPK, 70F + 30M, 50F + 50M and 30F + 70M) were significantly higher than that in unbalanced fertilization treatments (PK and NP), with an average increments of 38.7% and 32.9%, respectively. There was a very significant positive linear correlation between yield and phosphorus uptake both in early and late rice. The early and late rice yields would be increased by 115 kg/hm2 and 106 kg/hm2 per kilogram phosphorus uptake, respectively. No significant correlation was observed between total soil P content and cumulative P budget in CK. The total P content would decrease 6 mg/kg for every P deficit of 100 kg/hm2 in NK. The total soil P content would increase 9.3 mg/kg for every soil P surplus of 100 kg/hm2 in NP, PK and NPK treatments, and increase 63.3 mg/kg in organic-inorganic fertilizer treatments, being 6.78 times of that of NPK treatment.
    Conclusions Application of both chemical P and organic fertilizers could effectively increase soil phosphorus storage and availability. Combining application of organic and chemical fertilizers performs better than chemical phosphorus fertilizer alone in the same amount of phosphorus inputs level. Therefore, decreasing the amount of total P input and increasing the organic fertilizer portion should be recommended to improve food production and protect environment in red paddy soil in southern China.

     

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