• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
李若楠, 黄绍文, 史建硕, 王丽英, 唐继伟, 袁硕, 任燕利, 郭丽. 日光温室冬春茬番茄优化滴灌肥水管理参数研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(6): 1010-1021. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18342
引用本文: 李若楠, 黄绍文, 史建硕, 王丽英, 唐继伟, 袁硕, 任燕利, 郭丽. 日光温室冬春茬番茄优化滴灌肥水管理参数研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(6): 1010-1021. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18342
LI Ruo-nan, HUANG Shao-wen, SHI Jian-shuo, WANG Li-ying, TANG Ji-wei, YUAN Shuo, REN Yan-li, GUO Li. Optimization of water and fertilization management parameters for winter-spring tomato under greenhouse drip irrigation condition[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(6): 1010-1021. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18342
Citation: LI Ruo-nan, HUANG Shao-wen, SHI Jian-shuo, WANG Li-ying, TANG Ji-wei, YUAN Shuo, REN Yan-li, GUO Li. Optimization of water and fertilization management parameters for winter-spring tomato under greenhouse drip irrigation condition[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(6): 1010-1021. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18342

日光温室冬春茬番茄优化滴灌肥水管理参数研究

Optimization of water and fertilization management parameters for winter-spring tomato under greenhouse drip irrigation condition

  • 摘要:
    目的 合理的滴灌肥水管理是提高番茄生产效益的重要技术。本文研究了番茄不同生育阶段适宜的滴灌参数,为优化关键期肥水施用,确定简便量化滴灌方案,实现设施番茄肥水精量化管理提供科学依据。
    方法 供试作物为日光温室冬春茬番茄,品种为荷兰瑞克斯旺1404。灌水方式为滴灌,除基肥外,追肥随水滴施。试验设低量、中量、高量3个灌水量 (分别以W1、W2、W3表示) 和低量、中量、高量3个施肥量 (分别以F1、F2、F3表示),共9个水肥组合处理。W2水量和F2肥量为滴灌番茄相对适宜水肥用量。在F2下,W1、W2、W3处理安装土壤水盐原位监测设备,实时监测0—100 cm土体水分变化。
    结果 1) 随着滴灌水量的增加,番茄产量、养分吸收量、土壤含水量显著增加,但品质显著降低,土壤养分呈现向深层迁移趋势。与W1处理相比,W2和W3处理总产量增加6.8%~12.0%,单果增重6.8%~8.6%,全株N、P2O5、K2O吸收量分别增加5.9%~11.7%、8.9%~20.3%、8.0%~8.3%,主根区0—40 cm土体开花至拉秧期间平均体积含水量增加3.5~5.9个百分点,但果实Vc含量降低4.6%~17.0%,可溶性固形物含量降低5.4%~9.7%,0—40 cm土体硝态氮残留量降低17.4%~37.6%,0—20 cm土层有效磷含量降低16.5%~26.2%,而20—40 cm土层有效磷、速效钾含量分别增加5.0%~32.0%、4.3%~8.8%。2) 随着滴灌施肥量的增加,冬春茬番茄产量略有提升,养分吸收量和表层土壤养分残留量显著增加,而果实硝酸盐、可滴定酸、Vc、可溶性固形物含量没有显著变化。与F1处理相比,F2和F3处理总产量仅增加2.0%~3.1%,全株N、P2O5、K2O吸收量分别增加6.0%~14.7%、7.5%~15.7%、11.9%~19.7%,0—40 cm土体硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾残留量分别增加71.7%~218.9%、28.9%~57.6%、0.9%~11.3%。3) 综合水肥效应,供试条件下W2F1处理能保证较高产量和较优品质,同时降低土壤养分残留,为较合理的肥水组合处理;若仅考虑产量效应,以W3F3处理最优。
    结论 冬春茬番茄主根区0—40 cm土体相对含水量“适宜值”/“控制下限”在第1、2、3、4、5穗果座果时,分别为69%/62%、78%/67%、78%/67%、87%/77%、87%/77%;在第5穗果膨大至直径3~4 cm、6~7 cm及采收前三个时期,分别为87%/77%、69%/62%、56%/50%。第4穗果实形成期间 (5月份),1~5穗果实同时膨大,此时滴灌肥水管理对产量的形成较为关键。在与供试条件相近的温室,推荐冬春茬番茄 (保留5穗果实) 在基施商品有机肥22.5 t/hm2基础上,开花期和果实形成期分别选择N–P2O5–K2O配比接近22–12–16和19–6–25的全水溶滴灌专用肥,从第1穗果开花至坐果开始滴灌肥水,10~12天滴灌1次,水量依次控制在90、195、195、270、270、270、195、120 m3/hm2,施肥量依次控制在37.5、75、75、75~150、75~150、75~150、75、75 kg/hm2,定苗缓苗水按常规管理进行,能保证较高产量水平140~150 t/hm2

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Drip irrigation is a valuable technology in intensive tomato production. Reasonable water and fertilizer management is the key measurement for the highest benefits. This study was attempted to build feasible parameters specified for the chosen tomato cultivar.
    Methods A plot experiment was conducted inside a greenhouse using tomato cultivar RZ1404 as tested material during winter-spring season. Drip irrigation was used for watering and full water soluble fertilizers were applied with watering. Three water amounts (W1, W2 and W3) and 3 fertilizer rates (F1, F2 and F3) were designed, among which W2 and F2 were validated in the former researches as the relatively reasonable water and fertilizer amounts for tomato production. Soil water in-suit monitoring equipment was installed to collect soil water contents hourly at 0–100 cm depth in all 3 water levels under F2.
    Results 1) With the increase of drip irrigation amounts, the yield, the nutrient uptakes and soil water contents were significantly increased, while the fruit qualities and the soil residual nutrients were significantly decreased. Compared with W1, the yields were increased by 6.8%–12.0%, the single fruit weights by 6.8%–8.6%, and the N, P2O5 and K2O uptakes by 5.9%–11.7%, 8.9%–20.3% and 8.0%–8.3%, respectively, and the soil volumetric water contents were increased by 3.5–5.9 percentage points at 0–40 cm depth in W2 and W3. However, the fruit Vc and soluble solid contents were decreased by 4.6%–17.0% and 5.4%–9.7% in W2 and W3, respectively. The soil residual NO3-N contents were decreased by 17.4%–37.6% at 0–40 cm depth, the Olsen-P contents were decreased by 16.5%–26.2% at 0–20 cm depth but increased by 5.0%–32.0% at 20–40 cm soil depth in W2 and W3. 2) With the increase of fertilizer amounts, the yields were increased slightly, and the nutrient uptakes and the soil nutrients accumulations were increased significantly. The nitrate, titratable acid, Vc, soluble solids contents in fruits were not changed obviously among all the 3 fertilization treatments. Compared with F1, the yield increases of F2 and F3 were not significant, and the N, P2O5 and K2O uptakes were significantly increased by 6.0%–14.7%, 7.5%–15.7% and 11.9%–19.7%, respectively. Compared with F1, the soil residual NO3-N contents were increased by 71.7%–218.9% at 0–40 cm soil depth, the Olsen-P and readily available K contents by 28.9%–57.6% and 0.9%–11.3% at 0–40 cm soil depth in F2 and F3. 3) The W2F1 was recommended to drip irrigated tomato because of the relatively higher yield and fruit qualities, and lower residual soil nutrients. If only considering yield, the W3F3 would be recommended.
    Conclusions Under the experimental condition, it is reasonable to keep the soil relative water contents of 69%, 78%, 78%, 87% and 87% during the setting of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth fruit cluster, respectively, when the fifth fruit cluster is expanding to 3–4 cm, 6–7 cm in diameter and harvesting, it is reasonable to keep the soil relative water contents of 87%, 69% and 56%, respectively. The lower limit of the soil relative water contents should be controlled at 62%, 67%, 67%, 77%, 77%, 77%, 62% and 50%, respectively. According to the above water criteria and dripping frequency of every 10–12 days, the recommended combination of water volumes (m3/hm2) and the formula fertilizers (N–P2O5–K2O=22–12–16 for the seedling to flowering stages and 19–6–25 for the fruiting stage, kg/hm2) are 90/37.5, 195/75, 195/75, 270/(75–150), 270/(75–150), 270/(75–150), 195/75 and 120/75 in turn. Companied with basal application of commercial organic manure 22.5 t/hm2 (N–P2O5–K2O=1.50%–0.83%–1.76%, fresh weight), a target tomato yield of 140–150 t/hm2 could be guaranteed.

     

/

返回文章
返回