石灰、绿肥和生物有机肥协同改良酸性土壤并提高烟草生产效益

邓小华; 黄杰; 杨丽丽; 陈金; 李源环; 田明慧; 周米良; 田峰; 张明发

doi:10.11674/zwyf.18372

石灰、绿肥和生物有机肥协同改良酸性土壤并提高烟草生产效益

The synergistic effect of lime, green manure and bio-organic fertilizer on restoration of acid field and improvement of tobacco production efficiency

摘要

摘要:
目的石灰、绿肥和生物有机肥不仅可以提高作物需要的养分，也是常用的土壤改良剂。研究其协同修复酸性土壤效应，以期为酸性土壤可持续改良提供有效技术措施。
方法 2017和2018年，以‘云烟87’为材料进行了大田试验。试验包括无改良剂对照 (CK)、单施石灰、石灰+绿肥、石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥4个处理。石灰、绿肥、生物有机肥施用量分别为2250、7500、450 kg/hm²，改良剂与化肥均全部底施，4个处理的氮、磷、钾总用量一致。于移栽后30 d、60 d取植株样，调查烤烟农艺性状、经济性状及烟叶物理特性、化学成分、评吸质量。烟草收获后，取0—20 cm表土样品，测定了土壤物理特性、主要养分含量和酸度指标。
结果与CK相比，石灰、石灰+绿肥、石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥处理的土壤碱解氮含量分别提高了25.7%、17.9%、17.1%，有效磷含量分别提高了5.76%、15.0%、34.2%，土壤pH值分别增加了0.22、0.80、1.07个单位，水解性酸分别降低了58.0%、66.7%、77.0%，交换性酸分别降低了75.8%、77.8%、80.8%，交换性H⁺分别降低了94.6%、96.6%、97.7%，交换性Al³⁺分别降低了64.3%、65.4%、69.9%，土壤交换性盐基总量分别提高了15.5%、16.3%、16.5%，阳离子交换量分别提高了13.2%、15.5%、17.6%；石灰+绿肥、石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥处理的土壤容重分别降低了5.73%、6.56%，土壤孔隙度分别增加了5.72%、6.72%，土壤有机质分别提高27.0%、35.2%。添加改良剂处理减缓了烤烟前期生长，但促进了烤烟中期生长。与CK相比，石灰、石灰+绿肥、石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥处理的上等烟比例分别增加了20.4%、23.2%、28.4%，烟叶产量分别增加了3.71%、17.8%、21.1%，烟叶产值分别增加了0.59%、11.0%、14.6%。改良剂处理不同程度地提高了烟叶评吸质量。与CK相比，石灰、石灰+绿肥、石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥处理的上部烟叶物理特性指数分别提高了0.72%、2.68%、4.02%，上部叶化学成分可用性指数分别提高了3.89%、3.95%、12.87%，中部烟叶化学成分指数分别提高了0.06%、0.39%、2.79%；上部烟叶评吸总分分别提高了3.46%、3.47%、7.48%。
结论石灰+绿肥+生物有机肥三者配合施用修复酸性土壤的效果最好，其次是石灰+绿肥，单施石灰的效果较差。三种改良剂同时使用，不仅可缓解土壤酸性，还可提高土壤容重和有机质含量，进而实现烟草的提质增效和酸性土壤的改良。

Abstract:
Objectives Lime, green manure and bio-organic fertilizer are popular amendments and nutrient sources of acid soil. Their combined use effect was studied to form efficient and sustainable remediation technology of acid soil.
Methods Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018, using tobacco cultivar of Yunyan87 as tested materials. Four treatments were included, single application of lime (L), combined application of lime and green manure (LG), combined application of lime, green manure and biological organic fertilizer (LGB), and no above materials added as control (CK). At 30 and 60 d after transplanting, tobacco samples were collected, and the agronomic and economic traits, physical characteristics, chemical composition, and smoking quality of flue-cured tobacco were determined. When the tobacco plants were removed, the 0–20 cm soil samples were collected, and the main nutrient contents and acidity characteristics of the soil were measured.
Results Compared with CK, , the soil alkali-hydrolyzable N in treatment L, LG, LGB was increased by 25.7%, 17.9% and 17.1%, available P was increased by 5.76%, 15.0% and 34.2%, soil pH was increased by 0.22, 0.80 and 1.07, the hydrolytic acid was reduced by 58.0%, 66.7% and 77.0%, exchangeable acid was reduced by 75.8%, 77.8% and 80.8%, exchangeable H⁺ was reduced by 94.6%, 96.6% and 97.7%, exchangeable Al³⁺ was reduced by 64.3%, 65.4% and 69.9%, exchangeable base cations were increased by 15.5%, 16.3% and 16.5%, cation exchange capability was increased by 13.2%, 15.5% and 17.6%, respectively. In treatment LG and LGB, soil bulk density was reduced by 5.73% and 6.56%, soil porosity was increased by 5.72% and 6.72%, and soil organic matter contents were increased by 27.0% and 35.2%, respectively. The three treatments led to slow down early stage growth of flue-cured tobacco, but promoted the mid-term growth of flue-cured tobacco. Compared with CK, the proportion of high-quality tobacco in treatment L, LG and LGB was increased by 20.4%, 23.2% and 28.4%, yields of tobacco leaves were increased by 3.71%, 17.8%, and 21.1%, output values were increased by 0.64%, 2.68%, and 2.71%, the chemical composition availabilities were increased by 0.59%, 11.0% and 14.6%, physical indexes of upper tobacco leaves were increased by 3.89%, 3.95%, and 12.87%, and total score of upper tobacco leaves was increased by 3.46% and 3.47% and 7.48%, respectively.
Conclusions Generally speaking, the combined application of lime, green manure and bio-organic fertilizer has the best effect on remediating acid soil, followed by the combined application of lime and green manure, and the effect of single application of lime is the lowest. The combining application of the three materials could increase soil organic matter content and soil porosity, and stimulate the soil nutrient supply to tobacco growth, so achieve economic returns from both sides of tobacco leaf quality and yield, and the sustainable remediation of acid soil.

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