• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
叶雪珠, 肖文丹, 赵首萍, 陈德, 张棋, 黄淼杰. 浙江省商品有机肥中重金属含量变化趋势及风险管控对策[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(5): 954-965. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19299
引用本文: 叶雪珠, 肖文丹, 赵首萍, 陈德, 张棋, 黄淼杰. 浙江省商品有机肥中重金属含量变化趋势及风险管控对策[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(5): 954-965. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19299
YE Xue-zhu, XIAO Wen-dan, ZHAO Shou-ping, CHEN De, ZHANG Qi, HUANG Miao-jie. Variations of heavy metal contents and the risk management of commercial organic fertilizers in Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(5): 954-965. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19299
Citation: YE Xue-zhu, XIAO Wen-dan, ZHAO Shou-ping, CHEN De, ZHANG Qi, HUANG Miao-jie. Variations of heavy metal contents and the risk management of commercial organic fertilizers in Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(5): 954-965. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19299

浙江省商品有机肥中重金属含量变化趋势及风险管控对策

Variations of heavy metal contents and the risk management of commercial organic fertilizers in Zhejiang Province

  • 摘要:
    目的 有机肥是农业生产的重要肥源,了解有机肥质量安全现状,可为有机肥合理施用和管控提供参考。
    方法 于2017年采集浙江省96家有机肥生产企业共99个商品有机肥样品,研究分析其Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni 8种重金属含量、分布特征、污染成因及施用风险。并与2013年文献进行比较,分析重金属含量的变化。
    结果 1) 商品有机肥中Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均含量分别为0.17、5.5、0.63、17.3、33.2、213.8、660.5、17.7 mg/kg,变异系数为54.9%~151.3%,含量差异较大。相比2013年,Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg和As含量在2017年均有所降低,降幅为23.0%~72.7%,其中Hg和As含量大体呈逐年下降趋势,2017年较2009年平均含量分别下降74.2%和51.8%,Cr和Pb平均含量较2010年分别下降74.9%和54.4%,Cd平均含量在近4年降幅明显,2017年较2013年下降72.7%。但商品有机肥中As仍有8.1%超标,Cu、Zn含量偏高,Ni含量有增加趋势。Cu、Zn、Ni是浙江省商品有机肥主要风险因子。2) 主成分和相关性分析表明,Cu-Zn、Cr-Ni-Hg、Cd-Pb重金属污染来源具有同源性。Cu、Zn、As以饲料添加来源为主,Cr、Hg、Ni主要来源于饲料原料本身,Cd、Pb则以饲料原料本身、生产粘结剂或生产环境来源为主。3) 商品有机肥成分配方复杂,猪粪原料占比较大,其次为鸡粪和牛粪。根据NY 525—2012有机肥重金属限量标准,以猪粪为主要原料的有机肥As超标率9.6%,以鸡粪、羊粪为主要原料的有机肥未出现重金属超标,根据德国腐熟堆肥重金属限量标准,以猪粪和鸡粪为主要原料的有机肥Cu、Zn超标样品较多,Ni只在以猪粪和鸡粪为主要原料的有机肥中出现超标。4) 长期施用含重金属商品有机肥,存在土壤重金属积累风险。按有机肥年施肥量30 t/hm2推算,Cu、Zn和Cd风险相对较大,安全使用年限分别为14、18、34 年。
    结论 浙江省商品有机肥总体质量安全程度较高,有机肥中Cr、Pb、Hg、As、Cd含量近年来得到较好的控制,但Cu、Zn、Ni含量偏高,部分As含量超标,长期施用条件下存在土壤重金属累积风险,因此需加强对有机肥中重金属的管控,制定商品有机肥中Cu、Zn、Ni限量标准,以保障土壤长期可持续利用。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Organic fertilizer is an important nutrient sources in agricultural production. Studying the safety quality of organic fertilizer could provide reference for its rational and safe application.
    Methods A total of 99 commercial organic fertilizer samples were collected from 96 organic fertilizer manufacturers in Zhejiang Province in 2017. The contents of Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni were determined. The heavy metal sources were discussed and the application risks were proposed. And the heavy metal content variation was compared with that in literature of 2013.
    Results 1) The average contents of Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni in the 99 organic fertilizer samples varied greatly, averaging 0.17, 5.5, 0.63, 17.3, 33.2, 213.8, 660.5 and 17.7 mg/kg, respectively, with coefficients of variation ranging from 54.9% to 151.3%. The contents of Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg and As had declined significantly by 23.0%–72.7% in 2017, compared with those in 2013. Among them, the contents of Hg and As declined year by year. In 2017, the average contents of Hg and As declined by 74.2% and 51.8% compared with 2009, Cr and Pb contents declined by 74.9% and 54.4% compared with 2010, and Cd contents declined significantly in recent four years, with a decline of 72.7% compared with 2013. Even so, the content of As in 8.1% of organic fertilizer samples still exceeded the standard. The contents of Cu and Zn were relatively high, and Ni content tended to increase, which were the main risk factors for commercial organic fertilizers in Zhejiang Province. 2) The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis showed that the pollution sources of Cu-Zn, Cr-Ni-Hg and Cd-Pb were homologous. The main source of Cu, Zn and As pollution was feed addition. Cr, Hg and Ni might mainly come from feed raw materials, while Cd and Pb might mainly come from feed raw materials or from the production of binders or environment. 3) The components of commercial organic fertilizer were various, and the pig manure were the main raw material, which followed by chicken manure and cow manure. According to organic fertilizer standard of NY 525—2012, the As contents in 9.6% of pig manure exceeded the standard, but all heavy metal contents in chicken manure and sheep manure were below the standard. According to the standard of German mature compost, there were more organic fertilizer samples of pig manure and chicken manure with Cu and Zn contents exceeding the standard, but excessive Ni was found only in organic manure with the main raw material of pig manure and chicken manure. 4) Long-term unreasonable application of commercial organic fertilizers caused the risk of heavy metal accumulation in soil, according to the annual fertilization amount of organic fertilizer at 30 t/hm2, the risk of Cu, Zn and Cd was relatively higher, with safe application period of 14 years, 18 years and 34 years, respectively.
    Conclusions The overall quality and safety are relatively high in the commercial organic fertilizer in Zhejiang Province. In recent years, the contents of Cr, Pb, Hg, As and Cd have been well controlled. Nevertheless, there are still some samples in which the Cu, Zn and Ni, and As contents exceeded the up limit of national standard. Long-term and large amount application of such organic fertilizers might bring accumulation of heavy metals in soils. Therefore, in order to ensure the long-term sustainable development, it is necessary to strengthen the control of heavy metals in organic fertilizers and formulate the limit standards of Cu, Zn and Ni in commercial organic fertilizers.

     

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