• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
郭亚雯, 崔建钊, 孟延, 杨爽, 黄冬琳, 问亚军, 陈竹君, 周建斌. 设施早熟西瓜和甜瓜的化肥施用现状及减施潜力[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(5): 858-868. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19317
引用本文: 郭亚雯, 崔建钊, 孟延, 杨爽, 黄冬琳, 问亚军, 陈竹君, 周建斌. 设施早熟西瓜和甜瓜的化肥施用现状及减施潜力[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(5): 858-868. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19317
GUO Ya-wen, CUI Jian-zhao, MENG Yan, YANG Shuang, HUANG Dong-lin, WEN Ya-jun, CHEN Zhu-jun, ZHOU Jian-bin. Status-quo and reduction potential of chemical fertilizer application for facility cultivation of early maturing watermelon and sweet melon[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(5): 858-868. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19317
Citation: GUO Ya-wen, CUI Jian-zhao, MENG Yan, YANG Shuang, HUANG Dong-lin, WEN Ya-jun, CHEN Zhu-jun, ZHOU Jian-bin. Status-quo and reduction potential of chemical fertilizer application for facility cultivation of early maturing watermelon and sweet melon[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(5): 858-868. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19317

设施早熟西瓜和甜瓜的化肥施用现状及减施潜力

Status-quo and reduction potential of chemical fertilizer application for facility cultivation of early maturing watermelon and sweet melon

  • 摘要:
    目的 调查陕西省设施栽培西瓜 (Citrullus lanatus)和甜瓜 (Cucumis melo) 施肥现状、养分输入特征和养分管理中存在的问题,为实现西瓜和甜瓜化肥合理减施,改善品质,增加农户经济效益提供科学依据和技术支撑。
    方法 选取西瓜、甜瓜栽培面积大的农户,且使调查农户均匀覆盖主产区,采用实地走访记录方式,在调研陕西设施早熟西瓜、甜瓜产量水平,农户施用有机肥、化肥种类及施用量、施肥方式等基础上,依据当地目标产量、肥料试验文献数据,推荐区域合理施肥量,并对推荐施肥量进行田间验证,根据推荐施肥量对农户施肥现状进行评价并分析化肥的减施潜力。
    结果 设施栽培西瓜、甜瓜主产区肥料 (化肥 + 有机肥) N、P2O5、K2O养分投入量平均分别为582、412、541 kg/hm2和1059、763、842 kg/hm2,其中化肥N、P2O5、K2O平均施用量分别为266、213、304 kg/hm2和315、317、281 kg/hm2;西瓜、甜瓜化肥N、P2O5、K2O养分平均用量分别为各自推荐量的1.8、3.6、2.3倍和2.9、6.3、3.1倍,养分表观盈余量分别为455、369、388 kg/hm2和980、728、692 kg/hm2,养分利用率仅为4.6%~28.3%。西瓜化肥氮、磷和钾施用过量的农户分别占79.6%、88.9%和79.6%,化肥氮、磷和钾减施潜力分别为46%、72%、57%;甜瓜化肥氮、磷和钾施用过量的农户分别占74.9%、91.0%和74.9%,化肥氮、磷和钾减施潜力分别为65%、84%和68%,西瓜和甜瓜化肥总减施潜力 (N + P2O5 + K2O) 分别为57%和73%。西瓜、甜瓜有机肥中氮素养分占养分总用量的比例分别为39.5%和65.8%,比例总体上适宜;西瓜和甜瓜化肥N∶P2O5∶K2O投入比例分别为1.0∶0.8∶1.1和1.0∶1.0∶0.9,P2O5占比过高;水肥一体化条件下西瓜、甜瓜基施化肥 (N + P2O5 + K2O) 占化肥施用总量 (基肥 + 追肥) 的比例分别达91.2%和59.4%,基施养分比例过高。
    结论 本研究区域西瓜、甜瓜养分总投入中,有机养分比例适宜,但存在化肥投入过量,尤其是磷施用比例过高的问题;在水肥一体化栽培技术下,存在基施养分比例过高、养分盈余量大、养分利用率低的问题。生产实践中,亟待根据西瓜、甜瓜养分需求规律,制定精准施肥量和适宜的养分比例,建立区域合理施肥技术体系,最终实现西瓜化肥氮、磷和钾平均施用总量减少46%、72%和57%,甜瓜化肥氮、磷和钾平均施用总量减少65%、84%和68%。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Investigating the status of fertilization of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and sweet melon (Cucumis melo) in Shaanxi to provide scientific basis and technical strategy for reducing the use of fertilizer and enhancing nutrient use efficiency.
    Methods We surveyed the types and rates of applied fertilizers, and fertilizing methods of watermelons and sweet melons in Shaanxi to make the reasonable fertilizer recommendation based on the target yield and the fertilizer experiments from literatures at the study regions. We also conducted the field trial to verify the recommended fertilizer rates, and evaluate the potential of reducing fertilizer rates.
    Results The total inputs of N, P2O5 and K2O in the main cultivation areas in Shaanxi were 582, 412, and 541 kg/hm2 for watermelon and 1059, 763 and 842 kg/hm2 for sweet melon. And the average application rates of chemical N, P2O5 and K2O were 266, 213, 304 kg/hm2 for watermelon, and 315, 317, 281 kg/hm2 for sweet melon, which were 1.8, 3.6, 2.3 times of the recommended chemical N, P2O5 and K2O rats for watermelon and 2.9, 6.3, 3.1 times of those for sweet melon, respectively. Apparent surpluses of N, P2O5 and K2O were 455, 369 and 388 kg/hm2 for watermelon, and 980, 728 and 692 kg/hm2 for sweet melon, respectively. The application rates of N, P2O5 and K2O in both higher and too high grades accounted for 79.6%, 88.9% and 79.6% for watermelon, and 74.9%, 91.0% and 74.9% for sweet melon, and the nutrient utilization efficiency was thus low, in range of 4.6%–28.3% in the surveyed area. The general nutrient reduction potential of N, P2O5 and K2O was 46%, 72%, and 57% for watermelon, and 65%, 84%, 68% for sweet melon, respectively. The proportion of N from organic manures in watermelon and sweet melon was 39.5% and 65.8% in average, so the over input nutrients were mainly from chemical fertilizer. The ratios of N∶P2O5∶K2O from chemical fertilizers for watermelon and sweet melon were 1.0∶0.8∶1.1 and 1.0∶1.0∶0.9, respectively, and P2O5 ratio was too high for both crops. The basal applied chemical N + P2O5 + K2O nutrients in watermelon and sweet melon accounted for 91.2% and 59.4% of total chemical fertilizers, which were too high, especially for those using fertigation technology.
    Conclusions In the total nutrient input of watermelon and sweet melon in the surveyed area, the proportion of organic nutrient are generally in suitable range, over input is mainly caused by chemical fertilizers, especially that of P. In addition, the ratio of basal fertilizer is too high, and that is worse when using fertigation technology. It is urgent to make the optimum fertilization systems based on nutrient requirements of watermelon and sweet melon, and the application rates of N, P2O5 and K2O fertilizers of farmers could be reduced by 46%, 72% and 57% for watermelon, and by 65%, 84% and 68% for melon, respectively

     

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