• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
李玉, 贺明荣, 代兴龙, 董元杰. 氮素与抑制剂双控释尿素的制备及其对土壤供氮能力和小麦产量的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(9): 1612-1624. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.20030
引用本文: 李玉, 贺明荣, 代兴龙, 董元杰. 氮素与抑制剂双控释尿素的制备及其对土壤供氮能力和小麦产量的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(9): 1612-1624. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.20030
LI Yu, HE Ming-rong, DAI Xing-long, DONG Yuan-jie. Preparation of dual controlled release urea with nitrogen inhibitor and resine coating and the effects on soil nitrogen supply capacity and wheat yield[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(9): 1612-1624. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.20030
Citation: LI Yu, HE Ming-rong, DAI Xing-long, DONG Yuan-jie. Preparation of dual controlled release urea with nitrogen inhibitor and resine coating and the effects on soil nitrogen supply capacity and wheat yield[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(9): 1612-1624. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.20030

氮素与抑制剂双控释尿素的制备及其对土壤供氮能力和小麦产量的影响

Preparation of dual controlled release urea with nitrogen inhibitor and resine coating and the effects on soil nitrogen supply capacity and wheat yield

  • 摘要:
    目的 包衣和添加抑制剂是常用的制备缓控释肥料的手段。尝试同时使用这两种方法,制备更加可控氮素释放与转化的新型肥料,并研究其在小麦上的应用效果。
    方法 采用先在大颗粒尿素 (2.5~3.5 mm) 表面涂层,再用树脂包膜的方法制备含不同抑制剂的树脂包膜尿素。依据不同抑制剂,制备了无涂层 (CU)、脲酶抑制剂HQ涂层 (CRU1)、硝化抑制剂DCD涂层 (CRU2) 和HQ + DCD组合涂层 (CRU3) 4种新型树脂包膜尿素。通过扫描电镜观测了4种包膜尿素的微观结构,采用静水释放的方法测定了养分和抑制剂的缓释性能。在山东省潍坊和泰安两地布置冬小麦等氮磷钾施用量和相同施肥方法的田间试验,以普通大颗粒尿素为对照,在冬小麦苗期、拔节期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期采集耕层土壤样品,测定速效氮含量,并于小麦成熟期测定产量及构成因素。
    结果 1) 制备的4种包膜尿素成膜完整,包膜厚度均匀,表面光滑且膜层致密,树脂包膜材料能完整地覆盖在肥核的表面,膜表面有微孔,成为尿素和抑制剂向膜外释放的通道;尿素与抑制剂交接处结合严密,无间隙产生,抑制剂在包膜层的完全包围之中,可实现对尿素和抑制剂释放的同时控制。2) 包膜与抑制剂结合可有效控制尿素溶出。静水释放条件下,4种包膜尿素的氮素初期溶出率分别为7.59%、1.96%、2.12%、0.89%,尿素控释期依次是42、56、56、56天;CRU1的HQ释放期为28天,CRU2的DCD释放期为14天,CRU3中HQ和DCD的释放期分别为42和14天。相比较而言,CRU3的氮素释放期长于CRU1和CRU2,抑制剂的释放期也长于CRU1和CRU2,因此缓释效果大于CRU1和CRU2。3) 与大颗粒尿素对照 (U) 相比,4个包膜尿素处理在小麦苗期能维持土壤中NH4+-N的适宜浓度,开花期后显著增加土壤NH4+-N含量,保障了氮素的持续供应;而在小麦整个生育期内均显著降低土壤NO3-N含量,从而减少氮素淋溶损失。含HQ涂层的CRU1、CRU3处理能在小麦生育期内维持土壤脲酶活性处于较低水平;含DCD涂层的CRU2、CRU3处理能够抑制土壤NH4+-N向NO3-N的转化,显著降低土壤NH4+-N表观硝化率。与CU相比,CRU1、CRU2和CRU3处理的小麦产量在潍坊试验点分别显著增加23.38%、23.13%和38.79%,在泰安试验点分别增加6.36%、9.52%和28.57%。
    结论 先在大颗粒尿素表面包裹抑制剂涂层,再包裹树脂,可在尿素表面形成完整且均匀的膜,而且在膜表面仍有一定量的微孔,实现尿素与抑制剂释放的同时控制。小麦整个生育期,与施用单一抑制剂的包膜尿素处理相比,施用含两种抑制剂 (CRU3) 的包膜尿素处理的土壤氮素持续供应能力更强,小麦产量最高;而且土壤硝态氮水平一直较低,也减少了氮素淋溶损失的可能。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Coating and adding inhibitors are commonly used to prepare slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers. We tried to prepare new fertilizers with more controllable nitrogen release and transformation by applying these two methods at the same time and study the application effect of dual controlled release urea with nitrogen inhibitor and resine coating on wheat.
    Methods The tested particle size of urea was 2.5–3.5 mm and coating material was resin, and the used inhibitors were urease inhibitor (HQ) and nitrification inhibitor (DCD) in the preparation. According to the inhibitor used, four kinds of new resin coated urea were prepared: uncoated (CU), HQ coating (CRU1), DCD coating (CRU2) and (HQ+DCD) combined coating (CRU3). The microstructure of four kinds of coated urea was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The slow release characteristics of nutrient and inhibitors were determined using hydrostatic release test. Two field experiments were carried out separately in Weifang and Tai'an of Shandong Province with the same N, P and K application rates and the same fertilization methods. Soil samples were collected at seedling, jointing, flowering, filling and maturity stages of winter wheat to determine the content of available N. The yield and yield components at the mature stage of winter wheat were investigated.
    Results 1) In the microscope images of 500× and 1000×, the film layers of all the four prepared slow-release urea were complete, uniform, smooth and dense. Some micropores could be seen on the surface of the film, which worked as the channel for urea and inhibitor to release out. The inhibitor layer tightly covered urea particle without gap, and was completely surrounded by the resin coating layer, realizing the control of the release of urea and inhibitor at the same time. 2) The combination of coating and inhibitor addition effectively controlled urea dissolution. When loaded in still water, the initial N release rates of CU, CRU1, CRU2 and CRU3 were 7.59%, 1.96%, 2.12% and 0.89%, respectively; the release periods of urea of CU, CRU1, CRU2 and CRU3 were 42, 56, 56 and 56 days, respectively; the release period of HQ in CRU1 was 28 days, that of DCD in CRU2 was 14 days, and those of HQ and DCD in CRU3 were 42 and 14 days, respectively. As the longer N and inhibitor release period in CRU3 than CRU1 and CRU2, CRU3 had longer sustained release effect. 3) Compared with the large granule urea control (U), the soil NH4+-N concentrations of the four coated urea treatments were maintained at appropriate low levels at the seedling stage, and were significantly increased after flowering stage, which ensured the continuous supply of N to wheat; while the soil NO3-N contents during the whole growth period of wheat were reduced significantly, which decreased the possibility of N leaching loss. CRU1 and CRU3 treatments could maintain the soil urease activity at a low level during the whole growth period of wheat, CRU2 and CRU3 treatments could inhibit the transformation of soil NH4+-N to NO3-N, and significantly reduce the apparent nitrification rate of soil NH4+-N. Compared with CU, CRU1, CRU2 and CRU3 treatments significantly increased the yield of wheat by 23.38%, 23.13% and 38.79%, respectively in Weifang, and by 6.36%, 9.52% and 28.57% respectively in Tai'an.
    Conclusions Double coating large granule urea with inhibitor and resin in turn could form a complete and uniform film layer, and some clear micropores still exist on the layer surface allowing the release of urea and inhibitor. Coated urea containing both urease and nitrification inhibitor (CUR3) has better controlling effect on soil ammonium and nitrate concentration during the whole growth stage of winter wheat, so obtains higher yield effect than the coated urea containing either urease or nitrification inhibitor.

     

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