• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
侯云鹏, 韩立国, 孔丽丽, 尹彩侠, 秦裕波, 李前, 谢佳贵. 不同施氮水平下水稻的养分吸收、转运及土壤氮素平衡[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(4): 836-845. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2015.0402
引用本文: 侯云鹏, 韩立国, 孔丽丽, 尹彩侠, 秦裕波, 李前, 谢佳贵. 不同施氮水平下水稻的养分吸收、转运及土壤氮素平衡[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(4): 836-845. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2015.0402
HOU Yun-peng, HAN Li-guo, KONG Li-li, YIN Cai-xia, QIN Yu-bo, LI Qian, XIE Jia-gui. Nutrient absorption, translocation in rice and soil nitrogen
equilibrium under different nitrogen application doses[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2015, 21(4): 836-845. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2015.0402
Citation: HOU Yun-peng, HAN Li-guo, KONG Li-li, YIN Cai-xia, QIN Yu-bo, LI Qian, XIE Jia-gui. Nutrient absorption, translocation in rice and soil nitrogen
equilibrium under different nitrogen application doses[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2015, 21(4): 836-845. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2015.0402

不同施氮水平下水稻的养分吸收、转运及土壤氮素平衡

Nutrient absorption, translocation in rice and soil nitrogen
equilibrium under different nitrogen application doses

  • 摘要: 【目的】为解决东北地区水稻合理施用氮肥问题,系统研究了不同施氮水平条件下,东北水稻产量及构成因素、养分吸收、转运、氮肥利用效率及土壤氮素平衡的变化,并探讨各养分间及其与产量间的关系,为东北地区水稻合理施氮提供理论基础。【方法】于2012~2013年在吉林省松原市前郭县红光农场,选用当地主栽水稻品种富优135和吉粳511为材料,设置施N 0、60、120、180和240 kg/hm25个水平。于水稻返青期、分蘖期、抽穗期、灌浆期及成熟期采集植株样本,分为茎鞘、叶片和籽粒三部分,测定氮、磷、钾含量,计算水稻主要生育期植株养分吸收、转运、氮素利用特性的相关参数及各养分吸收、转运与产量间的关系。水稻移栽前和收获后采集0—100 cm土壤样品,每20 cm为一层(共5层),测定铵态氮、硝态氮含量,并根据各层土壤容重计算0—100 cm土体无机氮积累量,分析土壤氮素平衡状况。【结果】 施氮量60~180 kg/hm2范围内,水稻产量随着施氮水平的提高而增加,氮肥用量超过180 kg/hm2水稻产量下降。结合当年水稻和肥料价格,根据水稻产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合方程,得出最高产量氮肥用量分别为212.8 kg/hm2和220.6 kg/hm2,施氮范围在202.2~231.6 kg/hm2之间,最佳经济产量氮肥用量分别为203.0和209.1 kg/hm2,施氮范围在192.9~219.6 kg/hm2之间。施用氮肥可显著提高水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾吸收量,且能提高水稻抽穗期氮、磷、钾养分向籽粒的转运,施氮量180 kg/hm2处理抽穗期各养分累积量与籽粒转运量呈正比,当氮肥用量超过180 kg/hm2后,氮、磷、钾养分向籽粒转运出现负效应。氮素农学利用率和偏生产力随着施氮水平的提高而显著下降,氮肥当季回收率以施氮量180 kg/hm2处理最高。相关分析表明,水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾的吸收、转运与产量间均存在显著或极显著的正相关性,其中灌浆期氮、磷、钾的吸收状况与产量间的相关系数最大。施用氮肥可显著提高收获后0—100 cm土壤中残留无机氮(Nmin),氮素表观损失量随施氮水平的提高而增加。【结论】适宜的氮肥用量可显著提高水稻产量,各生育时期养分吸收总量,提高水稻生育后期秸秆中氮、磷、钾向籽粒的转运量,并能降低土壤氮素表观损失量。综合考虑提高水稻产量、效益、氮肥当季回收率及维持土壤氮素平衡等因素,在本试验条件下,施氮范围在192.9~219.6 kg/hm2。

     

    Abstract: 【Objectives】A systematic analysis on the rice yield, component factors, nutrient absorption, translocation, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen balance in soil under different nitrogen levels was performed to provide theoretical basis for rational amount of applied nitrogen in rice field in northeast China, and the interactions relationship between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil as well as relationships between nutrient and yield were discussed.【Methods】 The field experiment was carried out by using local major rice varieties (Fuyou 135 and Jijing 511) at Hongguang State Farm of Qianguo County in Songyuan City of Jilin province from 2012 to 2013, and the experiment includes five treatments with different nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg/hm2). As plant samples, stem-sheath, leaf and grain parts at returning green stage, mid-tillering stage, heading stage, filling stage and maturity stage were collected to measure the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. Based on these data, the nutrient absorption, translocation, nitrogen use characteristics parameters, and the relationships between nutrient absorption, translocation and yields of the plant at the main growth stages of rice were calculated or evaluated. The soil samples from 0-100 cm soil depth (each layer 20 cm) were respectively collected before transplanting and after harvest of rice to measure the contents of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen. Depending on the soil bulk density of each layer, the amount of inorganic nitrogen accumulation in 0-100 cm soil layer was calculated to profile soil nitrogen balance.【Results】 Data showed that when the amounts of applied N were ranged from 60 kg/hm2 to 180 kg/hm2, the rice yield increased with increasing amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, and decreased when the amount of applied N was over N 180 kg/hm2. Based on the prices factors of rice and fertilizers in the past years, N rates for obtaining maximum yield were 212.8 kg/hm2 and 220.6 kg/hm2 respectively, and the range of nitrogen application was ranged from 202.2 kg/hm2 to 231.6 kg/hm2. N rates for getting the optimum yield were 203.0 kg/hm2 and 209.1 kg/hm2, and the range of nitrogen application was determine to be between 192.9 kg/hm2 and 219.6 kg/hm2 by simulating between rice yield (y) and nitrogen fertilizer application (x), respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer application could significantly improve the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at main growing stages, and increased the translocation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to grains at heading stage. The accumulation amount of nutrients at heading stage is proportional to the amount of translocation to grain under N 180 kg/hm2. Nitrogen fertilizer rates over 180 kg/hm2 had negative effects on the translocation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to grain. Nitrogen agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity were significantly decreased because of increasing nitrogen fertilizer application. The highest nitrogen recovery efficiency in current season was in the treatment of N 180 kg/hm2. Correlation analysis showed that the yield had significantly or extremely significantly positive correlations with absorption and translocation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at the main growth periods of rice, and the highest correlation coefficient was exhibited at the filling stage. Nitrogen fertilizer application could significantly improve residual Nmin at 0-100 cm soil after harvesting, and increase in nitrogen fertilizer application apparently enhanced the losses of N.【Conclusions】Optimum nitrogen fertilizer application could significantly improve rice yield, the total nutrient accumulation at different growing stages, the translocation amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from straw to grain during the late growth period of rice, and apparently reduce losses of soil N. Comprehensively, considering on the rice yield, benefit, nitrogen recovery efficiency in season and nitrogen balance in soil, the optimum nitrogen application rate was determined to be ranged from 192.9 kg/hm2 to 219.6 kg/hm2 in this experiment.

     

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