冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系不同新型尿素的氮素利用率及去向

杜思婕; 张艺磊; 张志勇; 吉艳芝; 尹兴; 韩建; 张丽娟

doi:10.11674/zwyf.20157

冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系不同新型尿素的氮素利用率及去向

Nitrogen use efficiency and fate of new urea types in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system

摘要

摘要:
目的以华北平原冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系为研究对象，探究新型尿素对作物氮素吸收及去向的影响。
方法于2016年10月至2017年9月，在河北省辛集市河北农业大学马庄试验站进行小麦¹⁵N田间微区试验，微区面积为1 m²，设置施用普通尿素、普通尿素 + 硝化抑制剂 (Nr)、控失尿素、聚能网尿素和腐植酸尿素5个处理，各施肥处理氮素施用量均为N 225 kg/hm²，并以不施氮肥处理为对照。
结果 5个氮肥处理相比，控失尿素处理的冬小麦产量最高，为8123 kg/hm²；腐植酸尿素处理次之，为8083 kg/hm²；再次为聚能网尿素处理，为8049 kg/hm²。控失尿素、腐植酸尿素、聚能网尿素、普通尿素 + Nr、普通尿素的¹⁵N当季利用率分别为43.6%、41.1%、37.8%、34.2%、32.2%；控失尿素、腐植酸尿素的¹⁵N当季利用率显著高于普通尿素 + Nr和普通尿素处理，聚能网尿素的¹⁵N当季利用率显著高于普通尿素，普通尿素 + Nr处理则与普通尿素处理的¹⁵当季利用率无显著差异；控失尿素的¹⁵N当季利用效果最为突出，较普通尿素¹⁵N当季利用率提高了35.4%，腐植酸尿素、聚能网尿素较普通尿素¹⁵N当季利用率显著提高了27.6%、17.4%。后茬玉米能吸收利用前茬小麦残留在土壤中的氮素，但后茬玉米的土壤残留¹⁵N利用率仅为2.98%～3.62%，4种新型尿素处理间后茬玉米¹⁵N利用率无显著性差异。小麦收获后，4种新型尿素均显著提高了土壤上层 (0—40 cm) 硝态氮残留量，有利于后茬玉米对氮素的吸收，减少氮素淋溶的可能性。肥料氮总损失表现为控失尿素、聚能网尿素 < 腐植酸尿素、普通尿素 + Nr < 普通尿素。
结论新型尿素显著促进作物对氮素的吸收利用，减少氮素损失，获得高产。4种新型尿素相比，控失尿素增产增效最为突出，土壤中氮残留少，损失率低，其当季利用率、残留率和损失率分别为43.6%、40.8%和15.6%；腐植酸尿素氮当季利用率仅次于控失尿素，而损失率较高达19.8%；聚能网尿素有利于氮素固持在土壤中，其残留率、损失率分别为46.1%、16.1%；普通尿素 + Nr处理的氮素当季利用率偏低而土壤残留率最高，分别为34.2%和47.4%。

Abstract:
Objectives In this paper, the effects of new urea types on two successive crops were assessed in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in North China plain.
Methods A field microplot experiment was conducted at Mazhuang Experimental Station of Hebei Agricultural University, Xinji City, Hebei Province in October 2016 through September 2017. The area of each plot was 1 m² and the total N input in each plot, except control, was N 225 kg/hm². Five types of urea were used as treatments, namely: common urea, urea + nitrification inhibitor Nr (UNr), controlled loss urea (CLU), shaped-energy network urea (ENU), and humic acid urea (HAU). The nitrogen (¹⁵N)-use efficiency, residual amount of nitrogen in 0–200 cm soil depth, and the nitrogen loss rate were examined and analyzed after wheat and maize harvest.
Results The highest grain yield of winter wheat was achieved in CLU treatment (8123 kg/hm²), followed by HAU (8083 kg/hm²) and ENU (8049 kg/hm²). The total ¹⁵N utilization rates of wheat in CLU, HAU, ENU, UNr, and common urea were 43.6%, 41.1%, 37.8%, 34.2%, and 32.2%, respectively. All the new urea types, especially CLU and HAU treatments enhanced the total ¹⁵N-use efficiency of the wheat crop compared with common urea. CLU, HAU, and ENU enhanced the ¹⁵N efficiency of wheat compared with common urea by 35.4%, 27.6%, and 17.4%, respectively. The residual effect of urea on ¹⁵N utilization rate of the following maize was similar among the five urea types (2.98%–3.62%). After wheat harvest, all the four types of urea significantly increased the residual nitrate N in 0–40 cm soil depth with less potential for loss through leaching, while the total fertilizer N loss was in the order: CLU, ENU < HAU, UNr < common urea.
Conclusions The new urea types significantly promotes the absorption and utilization of nitrogen by crops, realize high yields, and reduces losses of N. Compared with other three new types of urea and common urea, CLU promotes the highest biomass production and N efficiency with less residual nitrogen in the soil and low loss rate. On the other hand, ENU promotes higher nitrogen retention in the soil with low loss rate.

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