提高滨海盐渍地区春玉米产量及改善土壤盐碱特性的综合管理措施

王韵弘; 张济世; 王红叶; 刘秀萍; 崔振岭; 苗琪

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2021172

提高滨海盐渍地区春玉米产量及改善土壤盐碱特性的综合管理措施

Improving soil properties and maize yield by integrating soil and crop management measures in coastal saline area

摘要

摘要:
目的研究土壤改良、作物调控和土壤作物系统综合管理措施对玉米生长和土壤盐碱特性的影响，为滨海盐渍地区玉米生产和土壤改善提供理论和技术支撑。
方法田间试验于2016年开始在山东省垦利区进行，土壤改良剂为脱硫石膏30 t/hm²加牛粪15 t/hm²，共设4个处理，其中两个处理为农户习惯使用土壤改良剂处理(ISM)和不使用土壤改良剂处理(FP)，作物品种为‘郑单958’，播种密度为7.5×10⁴株/hm²，N、P₂O₅、K₂O用量分别为280、90、60 kg/hm²；另外两个处理为综合作物管理使用土壤改良剂处理(ISCM)和不使用土壤改良剂处理(ICM)，作物品种为‘登海618’，播种密度为9.0×10⁴株/hm²，N、P₂O₅、K₂O用量分别为200、135、60 kg/hm²。于2020年春玉米收获后取0—60 cm土层土壤样品，每20 cm为一层，分析了钠离子、交换性钠百分率(ESP)、有机碳和全氮含量；调查了该年度春玉米产量和产量构成因素。
结果相较于FP处理，ISM处理0—20 cm土层土壤交换性钠离子含量和ESP值分别显著降低17.1%和28.4%，土壤有机碳和全氮储量分别增加了7.2%和10.7%，玉米产量增加了8.0%；ICM处理成熟期玉米生物量累积提高了19.7%，氮肥偏生产力提高了61.7%，籽粒氮含量提高了6.2%，产量提高了15.5%；ISCM处理分别显著降低交换性钠离子含量和ESP值31.4%和41.1%，分别显著增加表层土壤有机碳和全氮储量15.8%和17.4%，地上部吸氮量提高了29.5%，氮肥偏生产力提高了66.2%，并获得了最高产量(11.24 t/hm²)，较FP处理产量提高18.8%。
结论在滨海盐渍地区，通过施用土壤改良剂、适当提高作物密度、调整氮磷钾肥比例和玉米品种，可显著增加土壤中有机碳和全氮储量，降低土壤交换性钠离子含量及碱化度，进而促进玉米干物质积累和氮素吸收，提高氮肥利用效率，实现滨海盐渍地区土壤质量与玉米产量的协同提升。

Abstract:
Objectives The effects of integrating soil and crop management on soil properties and maize yield in the coastal saline area was studied for the efficient use of coastal soil.
Methods The local field experiment commenced in 2016 in the Kenli District of Shandong Province. There were four treatments in total. Two were the local farmers’ practices with or without applying soil remediation agent (ISM and FP). The other two were improved crop management with or without applying soil remediation agent (ISCM, ICM). In the improved crop management, the ZD958 maize cultivar was replaced with DH618; the plant density was increased from 7.5×10⁴ to 9.0×10⁴ plants/hm², the N–P₂O₅–K₂O dosages were adjusted from 280–90–60 to 200–135–60 kg/hm², and desulfurized gypsum 30 t/hm² and cow dung 15 t/hm² were used as remediation agents. Soil samples at 0–60 cm depth were collected after spring maize harvest in 2020. The samples were collected at 20 cm intervals to determine soil properties and maize yield, and the yield components in the same year were investigated.
Results Compared with FP, ISM (P < 0.05) decreased exchangeable Na⁺ content and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values by 17.1% and 28.4%, increased topsoil (0–20 cm) organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents by 7.2% and 10.7%, and increased maize yield by 8.0%. ICM increased biomass accumulation at the maturity stage by 19.7%, N partial productivity by 61.7%, grain N content by 6.2%, and yield by 15.5%. ISCM (P < 0.05) reduced exchangeable Na⁺ content and ESP values by 31.4% and 41.1%, increased SOC and TN storage by 15.8% and 17.4%, increased aboveground N uptake by 29.5%, and increased N partial productivity by 66.2%. Further, ISCM recorded the highest yield of 11.24 t/hm², which was 18.8% higher than FP.
Conclusions The application of soil remediation agents, increased plant density, and adjusted maize cultivar and fertilizer input in the coastal saline area increased the storage of SOC and TN, reduced the content of soil exchangeable Na⁺ and ESP, and promote maize dry matter accumulation. It also increased N uptake, improved N use efficiency, soil quality, and maize yield.

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