钾肥减施对稻麦轮作区作物产量和品质的影响

张鑫尧; 王箫璇; 陈磊; 张敏; 惠晓丽; 柴如山; 郜红建; 罗来超

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2021476

钾肥减施对稻麦轮作区作物产量和品质的影响

Effects of potassium fertilizer reduction on crop grain yield and quality under rice–wheat rotation

摘要

摘要:
目的巢湖流域稻麦轮作区农田钾肥施用严重过量的农户比例高达70%，探究钾肥减量施用对水稻和小麦籽粒产量和营养品质的影响，以实现钾肥科学施用。
方法 2017—2019年，在安徽农业大学皖中试验站开展田间试验研究，试验设置不施钾肥(CK)、农户模式(K1，K₂O 90 kg/hm²)以及在农户模式基础上减钾10% (K2，K₂O 81 kg/hm²)、减钾20% (K3，K₂O 72 kg/hm²)和减钾30% (K4，K₂O 63 kg/hm²)，共5个处理。收获期测定作物产量和产量构成要素，分析籽粒中的蛋白质及其组分含量、微量元素含量及其生物有效性。
结果 K3和K4处理的水稻和小麦籽粒产量与K1处理无显著差异。K3处理对水稻和小麦籽粒蛋白质含量也无显著影响，但显著提高了水稻籽粒醇溶蛋白含量37.5%，显著降低了麦谷蛋白含量32.3%，对小麦籽粒醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白组分含量无显著影响；K4处理的水稻和小麦籽粒蛋白质含量分别降低了5.4%和17.5%，水稻籽粒醇溶蛋白含量提高了43.8%，麦谷蛋白含量降低了32.3%，小麦籽粒仅醇溶蛋白显著降低了16.3%。钾肥减量施用提高了水稻和小麦籽粒中的铁、铜和锌含量，增幅分别为3.3%和6.7%、34.5%和7.8%、18.6%和5.7%，降低了P/Fe、P/Cu和P/Zn的摩尔比，增幅分别达7.1%和18.3%、34.1%和23.1%、19.1%和17.9%，从而提高了作物籽粒铁、锰、铜和锌的生物有效性。
结论在巢湖流域稻麦轮作区，减少20%的钾肥常规用量不会降低小麦和水稻产量，还可在一定程度上优化水稻和小麦籽粒的蛋白含量和组成，提高微量元素含量及其生物有效性。因此，推荐钾肥减量20%施用较为可行。

Abstract:
Objectives In the rice–wheat rotation area of Chaohu basin, more than 70% of farmers apply excessive potassium fertilizer with its attendant negative impactions on the soil while optimum yield is not guaranteed. We studied the effects of reduced potassium fertilizer application on grain yield and nutrient quality of rice and wheat.
Methods Field experiments were conducted at the Comprehensive Experimental Station in Middle Anhui of Anhui Agricultural University from 2017 to 2019. The treatments in the experiment included no potassium application (CK), farmers’ practice (K₂O 90 kg/hm², K1), and 10% reduction (K₂O 81 kg/hm², K2), 20% reduction (K₂O 72 kg/hm², K3) and 30% reduction (K₂O 63 kg/hm², K4) based on the farmers’ practice. At maturity, grain yield, yield components, protein, micronutrients and their bioavailabilities in rice and wheat were determined.
Results Compared with K1, both K3 and K4 treatment did not significantly influence rice and wheat yields; K3 did not affect protein content, but increased gliadin content by 37.5% and decreased glutenin by 32.3% in rice grain (P<0.05), and had no significant effect on gliadin and glutenin content in wheat grain; K4 decreased the protein content in rice and wheat grains by 5.4% and 17.5%, but increased rice gliadin content by 43.8% while decreasing its glutenin content by 32.3%, however, it decreased wheat gliadin by 16.3%. Compared to K1, the reduced K treatments increased the Fe, Cu and Zn contents of rice and wheat grains by 3.3% and 6.7%, 34.5% and 7.8%, 18.6% and 5.7%, respectively; reduced the P/Fe, P/Cu and P/Zn molar ratios by 7.1% and 18.3%, 34.1% and 23.1%, 19.1% and 17.9%, respectively and improved bioavailability of grain Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn.
Conclusions For Chaohu basin rice-wheat rotation system, the 20% reduction of K fertilizer optimizes the protein content and components of the grains to some extent, increases the concentration of microelements and their bioavailability without reducing the grain yield of rice and wheat. Therefore, 20% reduction of K fertilizer (K₂O 72 kg/hm²) is recommended for this region and other similar conditions.

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