硝化抑制剂/菌剂对设施土壤–蔬菜体系中氮素去向的影响

程晓楠; 田晓楠; 郭艳杰; 李瑞娟; 张丽娟; 吉艳芝; 李博文

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2021657

硝化抑制剂/菌剂对设施土壤–蔬菜体系中氮素去向的影响

Effects of nitrification inhibitor/microbial inoculum on nitrogen fate in soil-vegetable system of greenhouse

摘要

摘要:
目的明确硝化抑制剂与菌剂单施与配施条件下设施土壤–茄子生产体系中氮的去向，为设施茄子科学施氮提供理论依据。
方法田间试验采用随机区组设计，设置6个处理：不施氮肥对照(CK)、常规施氮720 kg/hm² (FN)、减施30%氮肥(N 504 kg/hm²，RN)，减氮30%配施硝化抑制剂(RND)、菌剂(RNB)和同时配施硝化抑制剂与菌剂(RNDB)。研究设施土壤–茄子体系中茄子对氮素的吸收利用、土壤剖面NO₃^–-N累积量、N₂O排放和NH₃挥发的气态损失量及各去向所占比例。
结果 1) RNDB处理产量为112.27 t/hm²，比RND处理显著增加11.0%；可溶性糖含量达0.95%，较RND和RNB处理分别显著提高17.3%和18.8%。2)各处理吸氮量均为果实>茎秆>叶片>根系；RNDB处理的总吸氮量为259.66 kg/hm²，比RN处理显著提高16.1%；氮肥表观利用率最高为20.87%，与RND和RNB处理差异不显著；氮肥农学效率为99.69 kg/kg，显著高于RND处理。3)相同施氮量下，RNDB处理的气态净损失量(N₂O与NH₃)和净损失率分别为16.05 kg/hm²和4.73%，RNDB的N₂O累积排放量比RNB显著降低28.8%，各处理间NH₃挥发累积量差异较小。4) 0—60 cm土层土壤剖面NO₃^–-N累积量为FN>RNB>RN>RND>RNDB>CK，除CK处理外，RNDB处理的累积量最低为873.1 kg/hm²，RNDB处理土壤硝态氮累积量比RN、RNB和RND处理分别减少17.6%、17.7%和2.2%；60—120 cm土层土壤剖面NO₃^–-N累积量为FN>RN>RNB>RND>RNDB>CK，RNDB处理的累积量为744.0 kg/hm²，比RND和RNB处理分别降低1.0%和25.2%。
结论相比RN处理，减氮30%同时配施硝化抑制剂与菌剂能有效减少N₂O气态损失，对NH₃挥发影响较小，提高茄子氮素吸收量，显著降低0—60 cm土层土壤氮素残留，是实现茄子优质高产、环境友好的有效措施。

Abstract:
Objectives We assessed the fate of soil nitrogen under single application and combined application of nitrification inhibitors and microbial inoculum in a greenhouse eggplant production system.
Methods The experimental field was set up with a randomized block design and 6 treatments, including no nitrogen fertilizer (CK), conventional nitrogen application of 720 kg/hm² (FN), 30% reduction of nitrogen fertilizer (N 504 kg/hm², RN), 30% reduction of nitrogen combined with nitrification inhibitor (RND), microbial inoculum (RNB) and simultaneous application of nitrification inhibitor and microbial inoculum (RNDB). The nitrogen uptake and utilization, NO₃^–-N accumulation in soil profile, N₂O emission, gaseous loss of NH₃ volatilization and the proportion of each destination in the soil greenhouse eggplant system were assessed.
Results 1) The yield of RNDB treatment was 112.27 t/hm², which was 11.0% higher than that of RND treatment. The soluble sugar content of RNDB was 0.95%, which was significantly higher than that of RND and RNB by 17.3% and 18.8% respectively. 2) The order of nitrogen uptake in all the treatments was: fruit>stem>leaf >root. The total nitrogen uptake of RNDB treatment was 259.66 kg/hm², which was 16.1% higher than that of RN. The apparent nitrogen use efficiency of RNDB treatment was the highest (20.87%), which was not significantly different from RND and RNB treatment. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer was 99.69 kg/kg, which was only significantly higher than that of RND treatment. 3) Under the same nitrogen application rate, the net gaseous loss (N₂O and NH₃) and net loss rate in RNDB treatment were 16.05 kg/hm² and 4.73% respectively. The accumulative N₂O emission of RNDB was significantly lower than that of RNB by 28.8%. There was no significant difference in NH₃ volatilization accumulation among treatments. 4) The accumulation of NO₃^–-N in 0–60 cm soil profile was FN> RNB>RN>RND>RNDB>CK. Except in CK treatment, the lowest accumulation of RNDB treatment was 873.1 kg/hm². The accumulation of soil NO₃^–-N in RNDB treatment was 17.6%, 17.7% and 2.2% lower than that in RN, RNB and RNDB treatment, respectively. The accumulation of NO₃^–-N in 60–120 cm soil profile was FN> RN > RNB>RND>RNDB>CK. The NO₃^–-N accumulative amount of RNDB treatment was 744.0 kg/hm², which was 1.0% and 25.2% lower than that of RND and RNB treatment, respectively.
Conclusions Reducing nitrogen by 30% combined with nitrification inhibitor and microbial inoculum application could effectively reduce N₂O and NH₃ gaseous loss, improve nitrogen absorption of eggplant and significantly reduce nitrogen residue in 0–60 cm soil profile. It is an effective measure to realize environment-friendly production of high quality and high yield eggplant.

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