控释尿素与普通尿素配施对糯玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

高雪健; 李广浩; 陆卫平; 陆大雷

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2021673

控释尿素与普通尿素配施对糯玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

Effects of mixing controlled-release and normal urea on yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization in waxy maize

摘要

摘要:
目的缓/控释肥料轻简化施用技术在我国玉米生产中逐步得到应用，研究控释氮肥与尿素不同比例配施对大田糯玉米产量、物质积累与转运以及氮素吸收利用的影响，为糯玉米高产高效施肥提供理论与技术支撑。
方法田间试验于2019—2020年在江苏连云港进行，供试玉米品种为连花糯2号。在施N 225 kg/hm²水平下，设置5个普通尿素与控释尿素配施比例处理：100%普通尿素 (N1)、100%控释尿素 (N2)、普通氮素∶控释尿素=1∶2 (N3)、普通氮素∶控释尿素=1∶1 (N4)、普通氮素∶控释尿素=2∶1 (N5)，以不施氮处理 (N0)为对照。测定了糯玉米籽粒产量、植株物质积累转运与分配及氮肥利用率。
结果 5个普通尿素与控释尿素配施处理中，N3处理的增产增收幅度最大，较N1处理产量增加了30%，平均收益增加了2835元/hm²，N4和N5处理产量和经济效益大于N1处理，小于N3处理，且二者差异较小。控释尿素与普通尿素配施显著提高吐丝后干物质和氮素积累量，且以N3处理增加最明显，其次为N2和N4处理，N5与N1处理干物质积累量差异不显著。不同氮肥配施对植株氮素转运量和转运率有显著影响，且N2、N3和N4处理间差异不显著，三者高于N1和N5处理。施用控释尿素处理的平均收获指数和成熟期籽粒氮素含量占比高于N1处理，其中N3处理的收获指数(0.45)及籽粒氮素含量占比(57.5%)最高，其次为N2处理。与N1相比，配施控释尿素提高了糯玉米的氮素偏生产力、氮素农学效率和氮素回收率，且以N3处理的增加幅度最大，其次为N2和N4处理，N5与N1处理差异不显著。与N2处理相比，N3处理的氮素偏生产力提高了2.6 kg/kg、氮素农学效率增加了2.6 kg/kg、氮素回收率提高了6.6个百分点。
结论控释尿素与普通尿素配施对糯玉米产量及氮素吸收利用具有显著影响。综合两年糯玉米籽粒产量与氮素吸收利用的表现，在施氮量225 kg/hm²条件下普通尿素与控释尿素配施比例为1∶2时，有利于协同提高江苏省糯玉米产量、氮素利用率和种植收益。

Abstract:
Objectives Extension of slow or controlled-release fertilizer make its simplified application possible in maize production in China. We studied the suitable blending ratios of controlled-release urea with normal urea in waxy maize production.
Methods Field experiments were conducted in 2019 and 2020, using the waxy maize cultivar Lianhuanuo 2 as the test material. Under total N input of 225 kg/hm², five ratios of normal urea: controlled-release urea were set up as 1∶0 (N1), 0∶1 (N2), 1∶2 (N3), 1∶1 (N4), and 2∶1 (N5), taking no N application (N0) as the control. The maize grain yield, dry matter accumulation, translocation and distribution, and N use efficiency were investigated.
Results The mixture of controlled-release and normal urea affected waxy maize yield, N absorption and utilization (P<0.05) . The controlled-release urea treatments recorded a higher yield and income increase than the single application of normal urea. N3 had the highest yield (30%) and income (2835 yuan/hm²) increase. The yield and income of N4 and N5 were higher than that of N1, but lower than that of N3. The mixture of controlled-release and normal urea increased post-silking dry matter and N accumulation (P<0.05), but N3 recorded higher values followed by N2 and N4 (P<0.05). However, the income of N5 and N1 did not differ. The mixture of controlled-release and normal urea had an effect on the rate and quantity of plant N translocation (P<0.05). N2, N3, and N4 recorded similar rates and quantities of N translocation, which were higher than N1 and N5. The average harvest index and grain N content at maturity with the controlled-release treatment were higher than N1 (P<0.05). N3 had the highest harvest index (0.45) and grain N content (57.5%), followed by N2. Compared with N1, mixing controlled-release and normal urea improved N partial factor productivity (NPFP), N agronomic efficiency (NAE), and N recovery efficiency (NRE) of waxy maize, with N3 having the highest increase, followed by N2 and N4, while those of N5 and N1 did not differ. Compared with N2, N3 increased NPFP by 2.6 kg/kg, NAE by 2.6 kg/kg, and NRE by 6.6 percentage points.
Conclusions Based on the yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization in two years, mixing controlled-release and normal urea (1∶2) at 225 kg/hm²can improve grain yield and N use efficiency and profit synchronous in waxy maize production in Jiangsu Province.

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