• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
钟佳旺, 张丽, 詹祥生, 刘榕, 董勤各, 张曼, 冯浩. 热解温度和氮肥用量影响生物炭的减排和增产效应[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2023, 29(4): 664-676. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2022493
引用本文: 钟佳旺, 张丽, 詹祥生, 刘榕, 董勤各, 张曼, 冯浩. 热解温度和氮肥用量影响生物炭的减排和增产效应[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2023, 29(4): 664-676. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2022493
ZHONG Jia-wang, ZHANG Li, ZHAN Xiang-sheng, LIU Rong, DONG Qin-ge, ZHANG Man, FENG Hao. Pyrolysis temperature and nitrogen application rate influence the effects of biochar on greenhouse gas emission reduction and spring maize yield[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2023, 29(4): 664-676. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2022493
Citation: ZHONG Jia-wang, ZHANG Li, ZHAN Xiang-sheng, LIU Rong, DONG Qin-ge, ZHANG Man, FENG Hao. Pyrolysis temperature and nitrogen application rate influence the effects of biochar on greenhouse gas emission reduction and spring maize yield[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2023, 29(4): 664-676. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2022493

热解温度和氮肥用量影响生物炭的减排和增产效应

Pyrolysis temperature and nitrogen application rate influence the effects of biochar on greenhouse gas emission reduction and spring maize yield

  • 摘要:
    目的 研究生物炭性质与氮肥用量对河套灌区春玉米田温室气体排放和产量的影响,为河套灌区高效利用生物炭固碳减排提供理论支撑。
    方法 试验采用室内培养与田间试验相结合的方法,供试材料为秸秆生物炭和竹炭。田间试验设常规施氮300 kg/hm2对照(N)、常规氮量配施秸秆炭(SB+N)、常规氮量配施竹炭(BB+N)、减氮50%配施秸秆炭(SB+50%N)、减氮50%配施竹炭(BB+50%N)。采用静态暗箱–气象色谱法测定春玉米田温室气体排放量,并测定玉米产量。室内培养试验中分别制备热解温度为200℃、400℃和600℃的秸秆炭(S)和竹炭(B)加入土壤中,平衡3天后施入N 300 kg/hm2开始恒温恒湿培养,共培养14天。监测了不同培养时间土壤中N2O、CO2及CH4气体的排放通量。
    结果 与N处理相比,SB+N、BB+N、SB+50%N和BB+50%N处理0—5 cm深土壤温度分别提高了0.50℃、1.84℃、0.35℃和1.37°C,0—10 cm深土壤温度分别提高了0.43℃、1.83℃、0.39℃和1.11°C;0—10 cm土壤含水率分别提高13.70%、8.90%、12.33%和8.90%。与N处理相比,在春玉米整个生育期内SB+N、BB+N、SB+50%N和BB+50%N处理的土壤N2O累积排放量分别减少了21.91%、23.16%、25.98%和28.17% (P<0.05);SB+N和BB+N处理的CO2累积排放量分别提高了7.96%和9.94% (P<0.05),而SB+50%N和BB+50%N处理的分别降低了11.54%和10.74% (P<0.05);整个春玉米生育期各生物炭处理的CH4累积排放量为负值,显著低于N处理(P<0.05);SB+N、BB+N、SB+50%N和BB+50%N处理土壤的全球增温潜势(GWP)分别降低了23.26%、23.98%、27.00%和29.14%,温室气体排放强度(GHGI)分别降低了27.24%、28.97%、32.57%和34.68% (P<0.05)。生物炭添加能够提高玉米产量,SB+N、BB+N、SB+50%N和BB+50%处理较N处理分别增加5.47%、7.01%、8.26%和8.47% (P<0.05)。培养试验发现生物炭能够减少土壤N2O和CO2的排放。N2O和CO2的排放通量随生物炭热解温度升高而减少,在相同热解温度下,竹炭的减排效果优于秸秆炭。各处理下土壤CH4的排放均表现为碳汇,其中600°C制备的竹炭对CH4的吸收量最高。
    结论 施用生物炭能够改善土壤温度和土壤含水率,并显著降低N2O和CH4累积排放量,但常规施氮量下施用生物炭会提高CO2累积排放量。施用生物炭能够显著提高春玉米的产量并降低春玉米田GWP和GHGI。培养试验进一步说明了竹炭的减排效果优于秸秆炭,高热解温度的生物炭减排效果优于低热解温度生物炭,综合考虑田间与室内培养试验的结果、环境效益和经济效益,减氮50%配施竹炭的处理是河套灌区春玉米田提高产量并减少温室气体排放较为合适的措施。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective We studied the effects of biochar properties and nitrogen dosage on greenhouse gas emissions and yield of spring maize in the Hetao Irrigation District.
    Methods Both laboratory culture and field experiment was conducted in this research. The test materials were straw biochar and bamboo biochar. The field experiment treatments consisted of control (N) with a conventional nitrogen rate of 300 kg/hm2, straw biochar with a conventional nitrogen rate (SB+N), bamboo biochar with a conventional nitrogen rate (BB+N), straw biochar with nitrogen reduction of 50% (SB+50%N), and bamboo biochar with nitrogen reduction of 50% (BB+50%N). The static chamber-gas chromatography was used to measure the greenhouse gas emission in spring maize field. In the laboratory test, straw biochar (S) and bamboo biochar (B) with pyrolysis temperatures of 200℃, 400℃, and 600℃ were added to the soil. After three days of equilibrium, test soil under constant temperature and humidity was cultured for two weeks under 300 kg/hm2 N addition. N2O, CO2, and CH4 emission fluxes in soil were monitored in the different incubation days.
    Results Compared with N control, treatment SB+N, BB+N, SB+50%N and BB+50%N increased soil temperature in 0−5 cm depth by 0.50℃, 1.84℃, 0.35℃ and 1.37℃ respectively; increased soil temperature in 0−10 cm depth by 0.43℃, 1.83℃, 0.39℃ and 1.11℃, respectively; and increased the moisture content in 0−10 cm soil layer by 13.70%, 8.90%, 12.33%, and 8.90%, respectively. Compared with N control, cumulative N2O emission under SB+N, BB+N, SB+50%N, and BB+50%N decreased by 21.91%, 23.16%, 25.98%, and 28.17%, respectively, during the whole growth period (P<0.05). Cumulative CO2 emission under SB+N and BB+N increased by 7.96% and 9.94% (P<0.05), respectively, while that of SB+50%N and BB+50%N decreased by 11.54% and 10.74% (P<0.05), respectively. Cumulative CH4 emissions under biochar treatments during the growth period were negative and significantly lower than that under N treatment (P<0.05). The global warming potential (GWP) under SB+N, BB+N, SB+50%N, and BB+50%N decreased by 23.26%, 23.98%, 27.00%, and 29.14%, respectively, while the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) decreased by 27.24%, 28.97%, 32.57%, and 34.68%, respectively (P<0.05). Compared with N treatment, grain yield under SB+N, BB+N, SB+ 50%N, and BB+50%N increased by 5.47%, 7.01%, 8.26%, and 8.47%, respectively (P<0.05). Biochar addition reduced the emission of N2O and CO2 in soil in the laboratory test. The emission fluxes of N2O and CO2 decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature of biochar. At the same pyrolysis temperature, the emission reduction effect of bamboo biochar was better than that of straw biochar. Soil CH4 emissions under all treatments presented carbon sinks, and bamboo biochar produced under 600°C had the highest CH4 absorption.
    Conclusions Biochar addition can improve soil temperature and moisture content, and significantly reduce the cumulative emission of N2O and CH4. However, biochar addition can increase the cumulative emission of CO2 under conventional nitrogen application. Biochar addition can significantly increase spring maize yield and decrease GWP and GHGI. The culture test further demonstrated that the emission reduction effect of bamboo biochar was better than that of straw biochar, and the emission reduction effect of biochar with high pyrolysis temperature was better than that of biochar with low pyrolysis. Considering the results of field experiment and laboratory test and environmental and economic benefits, the treatment of 50% nitrogen reduction combined with bamboo biochar was the suitable choice to increase maize yield and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Hetao Irrigation District.

     

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