紫云英翻压条件下化肥减施对黄泥田水稻产量与土壤肥力的影响

何春梅; 王飞; 黄毅斌; 刘彩玲; 曹卫东; 李清华; 张辉

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2022516

紫云英翻压条件下化肥减施对黄泥田水稻产量与土壤肥力的影响

Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction on rice yield and soil fertility in yellow-mud paddy field under the continuous return of milk vetch

摘要

摘要:
目的基于福建稻区连续11年的黄泥田定位试验，研究长期翻压紫云英条件下，化肥不同减施比例对黄泥田水稻产量、稻米质量以及土壤肥力的影响。
方法田间试验从2009至2019年共进行了11年。设7个施肥处理：不施肥(CK)，常规用量化肥 (100%F)，紫云英翻压条件下施用常规化肥用量的100% (M+100%F)、80% (M+80%F)、60% (M+60%F)、40% (M+40%F)，及紫云英翻压条件下不施化肥(M)。种植制度为种植翻压紫云英—单季稻。每年水稻成熟期，采集水稻籽粒与秸秆样品，测定氮磷钾含量，并对水稻进行测产、考种。2017—2019年，在水稻分蘖盛期，采集水稻植株样品，测定了氮磷钾含量。2019年分蘖期和成熟期采集0—20 cm土壤样品，测定容重、pH、有机碳、微生物生物量、可溶性氮等指标。
结果与CK相比，施肥处理水稻籽粒历年平均产量增幅为11.4%～21.3%，秸秆产量增幅为17.1%～39.0%，处理间差异达显著水平。与100%F处理相比，M+100%F和M+80%F处理的水稻籽粒历年平均产量分别提高3.7%与3.0%，秸秆产量分别增加5.1%与5.6%；M+60%F处理的籽粒与秸秆产量无显著变化；第11年(2019年) M+80%F处理的分蘖期植株氮素含量提高75.4%，成熟期籽粒氮含量提高5.7%；M+100%F处理的籽粒必需氨基酸与氨基酸总含量分别显著增加5.2%与6.7%，其他翻压紫云英+化肥处理籽粒必需氨基酸和氨基酸总含量没有显著变化。与100%F处理相比，翻压紫云英各处理的土壤微生物量碳含量提高了4.8%～14.3%，微生物量氮含量提高了−1.0%～23.5%，全氮含量提高了9.4%～14.1%，有机质含量提高了7.9%～12.0%。
结论在中低产稻田，翻压紫云英18000～22500 kg/hm²基础上，加施60%的常规量化肥用量，可维持水稻地上部生物量和籽粒产量不降低；加施80%的常规量化肥，不仅可改善土壤化学与生物学特性，提高水稻籽粒氨基酸含量，且显著提高水稻地上部生物产量和籽粒产量，因而是实现化肥减量提质增效的最佳养分管理措施。

Abstract:
Objectives We studied the effects of different chemical fertilizer reduction rates on rice yield and paddy field fertility under the long-term return of milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus) for efficient and sustainable rice production.
Methods The field experiment was carried out in Fujian Province from 2009 to 2019, with cropping system of single-rice cultivation followed by milk vetch planting. There were seven fertilization treatments: no fertilizer application (CK), conventional chemical fertilization rate (100%F), applying 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% of the conventional chemical fertilization rate under the return of milk vetch (M+100%F, M+80%F, M+60%F, M+40%F), and milk vetch (M) only. Rice grain and straw samples were collected at the rice harvest stage to detect the N, P, and K content, rice grain yield and amino acid content from 2017 to 2019. Soil samples at 0−20 cm depth were collected in 2019 at tillering and maturity stage for the determination of soil bulk density, pH, organic carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and soluble nitrogen.
Results Compared with CK, the rice grain and straw yields in all the fertilizer treatments (P<0.05) increased by 11.4%−21.3% and 17.1%−39.0%, respectively. Compared with 100%F, M+100%F and M+80%F increased rice yield by 3.7% and 3.0%, straw yield by 5.1% and 5.6%, while the other treatments produced similar grain and straw yields. M+80%F increased N uptake by 75.4% and 5.7% at peak tillering and maturity stage, increased the total and essential amino acid contents in grains by 5.2% and 6.7%, while the M+less than 60%F decreased the total and essential amino acid contents. Compared with the 100%F treatment, treatments including M increased soil nutrient contents by 7.3%−4.3%, soil MBN by −1.0%−23.5%, total N by 9.4%−14.1%, and organic matter by 7.9%−12.0%.
Conclusions On the basis of annual returning of 18000−22500 kg/hm² milk vetch to the soil, applying 60% of the conventional rate of chemical fertilizer in the middle and low yield paddy field could maintain rice grain and straw yield. Applying 80% of the conventional chemical fertilizer rate could improve soil properties, stimulate rice N uptake, yield and nutritional quality, indicating it the optimum application rate.

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