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尿素含氮量高 (45%～46%)，价格低廉，易于储存运输[1]，是黄淮海夏玉米生产中使用最广泛的氮肥。但是其缺点也很明显，尿素施用后短时间内无法溶入土壤便会产生大量氨挥发损失，降低肥料利用率[2]，其肥料利用率仅在35%～45%[3]。尿素分次土施是大田作物的常规施肥措施[4]，但土施氮肥易通过硝酸盐淋溶和氨挥发等途径损失[5−6]，且费时费力，播撒不匀易造成局部土壤氮含量偏高/低，进而影响群体整齐度，导致产量下降[7] 。喷灌施肥则能将灌溉与施肥相结合，随水均匀施肥，充分发挥水肥耦合作用，提高水肥利用率。Gheysari等[8]研究表明，喷灌施肥能保持玉米生长期间最佳的水氮水平，减少硝酸盐浸出，增加地上部干物质积累。生产中往往磷、钾肥和少量氮肥作种肥施用，其余氮肥根据作物需肥情况，选择水溶性氮肥随灌溉进行追施[9−10]。
合理施用氮肥是促进氮素积累与转运、降低无效氮损失、提高产量和氮素利用效率的重要手段。 玉米的生长发育及最终产量直接受氮素吸收、同化和转运的影响[11]，施氮量在300 kg/hm2以下时，随氮施用量增加，玉米氮素积累量增加[12]。且氮肥施用显著增加营养器官氮素转运量和花后氮素同化量，但转运效率会不同程度降低[13]。氮素利用和转运效率高，籽粒产量则较高[14]。王旭敏等[15]发现，随施氮量增加花前干物质转运量、转运率及对籽粒的贡献率呈先升高后降低的趋势。此外，增加施氮量后氮素盈余增加，作物栽培管理中产生大量氮素盈余时，粮食产量不会增加甚至下降，氮素损失增加，环境代价增大[16]。合理的氮素管理能够在氮素损失减少的情况下实现产量提升。
尿素硝酸铵溶液 (UAN)是集硝态氮、铵态氮和酰胺态氮于一体的液态氮肥，已在欧美国家得到广泛应用[17]。UAN能与水以任意比例互溶，适合用于水肥耦合技术。施用UAN较尿素可获得更高的玉米产量和植株氮素积累量，并可有效降低土壤氮素残留[18−19]。通过两年田间试验，研究UAN不同喷施量对夏玉米产量及其构成、氮素积累与转运和氮素盈余等的影响，以期为黄淮海夏玉米合理施用UAN提供理论支撑。
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田间试验于2019、2020年在山东省泰安市岱岳区马庄镇 (35°99′ N，117°01′ E)进行，室内试验于作物生物学国家重点实验室进行。试验田土壤为壤土，播前0—20 cm耕层土壤全氮含量2.17 g/kg，NO3−-N含量 24.57 mg/kg，NH4+-N含量 3.81 mg/kg，有机碳含量12.6 g/kg，有效磷含量72.25 mg/kg，速效钾含量180.03 mg/kg，容重1.31 g/cm3，田间持水量29.71%。该地区为温带大陆性季风气候，2年的种植区夏玉米生长季的温度和降水条件如图1所示。
图 1 夏玉米生长季温度和降水量 (2019—2020)
Figure 1. Temperature and precipitation in summer maize growing season (2019−2020)
试验设置3个UAN (含N 32%)施用量：U1 (N 126 kg/hm2，减氮40%)、U2 (N 168 kg/hm2，减氮20%)和U3 (N 210 kg/hm2)，以尿素 (Ur，N 210 kg/hm2；含N 46%)和不施氮 (N0)处理为对照，每个处理3次重复，小区面积333.1m2(9.6 m×34.7 m)。供试磷肥、钾肥为过磷酸钙 (P2O512%)和硫酸钾 (K2O 52%)，UAN由鲁西化工生产，其硝态氮∶铵态氮∶酰胺态氮为1∶1∶2 (质量分数，m)，pH为5.5～7.5。磷、钾肥于播种前一次性撒施，旋耕入土，用量分别为P2O5 52.5 kg/hm2和K2O 67.5 kg/hm2。氮肥按照4∶6的比例，于拔节、大喇叭口期追施。尿素采用传统沟施方式，UAN溶于灌溉水中喷施。微喷带为1.5寸，充水圆直径40 mm，5孔斜排分布，喷淋范围3～3.5 m，每隔4行玉米行间铺设1条微喷带。施肥时的灌水量约10 mm，将UAN输入管道随水喷施，尿素、对照处理喷灌量和喷灌次数均与UAN处理相同。2019、2020年玉米均为6月15日播种，10月3日收获。供试品种为登海605 (DH605)和登海518 (DH518)，种植密度为75000 株/hm2，行距60 cm，株距22 cm。灌溉、耕作等其他田间管理措施同当地一般高产田。
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分别于抽雄期 (VT)和成熟期 (R6)取样，在每个处理中心地块随机选取有代表性的植株3株。VT时期将植株分为茎秆和叶片，R6时期将植株分为茎秆、叶片、穗轴和籽粒，分别置烘箱内105℃杀青30 min，然后65℃烘干至恒重，样品烘干、粉碎后，采用H2SO4–H2O2联合法消煮，测定植株含氮量，计算氮素积累与转运。主要计算公式如下：
植株氮素积累量 (kg/hm2)= 植株含氮量 (%)×生物量 (kg/hm2)；
花后氮素积累量 (kg/hm2)=R6时期氮素积累量−VT时期氮素积累量；
花后氮素积累所占比例 (%)=花后氮素积累量/R6时期氮素积累量×100；
花后氮素吸收速率 [kg/(hm2·d)]=花后氮素积累量/花后天数；
营养器官氮素转运量 (kg/hm2)=VT时期氮素积累量−成熟期营养器官氮素积累量；
氮素转运效率 (%)＝营养器官氮素转运量/VT时期营养器官氮素积累量×100；
氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率 (%)=营养器官氮素转运量/成熟期籽粒氮素积累量×100；
花后氮素同化量 (kg/hm2)=成熟期籽粒氮素积累量−营养器官氮素转运量；
氮素农学利用率 (kg/kg) = (施氮小区籽粒产量−不施氮小区籽粒产量)/施氮量；
氮素回收率 (%)= (施氮小区植株氮吸收量−不施氮小区植株氮吸收量)/施氮量×100[20]。
土壤氮盈余计算公式如下[21]：
土壤氮盈余 (kg/hm2)= (玉米播种前土壤无机氮量+肥料氮+土壤矿化氮)−收获时植株地上部氮积累量；
土壤矿化氮 (kg/hm2)= (N0处理收获时土壤无机氮含量+N0处理收获时植株地上部氮积累量)−播种前N0处理土壤无机氮量。
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分别于拔节期(V6)、大喇叭口期 (V12)、抽雄期 (VT)、乳熟期 (R3)、成熟期 (R6)，用土钻随机采集玉米行间有代表性的土壤样品 (60 cm土层)，分3层 (每层20 cm)装入透明袋，每个处理取3处。将土壤样品浸提 (浸提液为1 mol/L KCl溶液)后用AA3连续流动分析仪测定NH4+-N和NO3−-N的浓度。
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在R6时期收获并测定玉米产量，每小区收获玉米中间 3 行，30个果穗为1个重复，共取3个重复，测定千粒重、含水量，计算实际产量 (按14%含水率折算)。净收入为粮食收入与生产成本之差。
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采用Excel进行数据整理和计算偏差；运用IBM SPSS Statistics 19软件进行统计分析，其中方差分析为单因素方差分析 (ANOVA)，多重比较用Duncan法，平均值在0.05 水平的差异具有统计学意义。
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年份、品种、处理以及年份、品种与处理间的交互作用显著影响了产量及其某些构成因素。2019年同一处理产量和穗粒数均高于2020年，同一年份相同处理DH605品种的产量和穗粒数均高于DH518品种。与尿素 (Ur)相比，两年两个品种施用UAN (U3)均显著增加了夏玉米产量和穗粒数，且随着UAN施用量增加，产量和穗粒数均呈增加趋势。对于DH605品种，两年间U3的产量与Ur相比分别增加了4.93%和8.48%，平均增加6.71%；DH518品种则分别增加了10.04%和5.09%，平均增加7.57%。且相比于Ur，DH605品种两年U3的穗粒数分别增加了4.35%和6.91%，DH518品种则分别增加了6.86%和3.09%。除2019年DH518品种外，U3与Ur的千粒重没有显著差异 (表1)。
表 1 不同氮肥处理夏玉米产量及其构成因素 (2019和2020年)
Table 1. Yield and yield components of summer maize under different fertilization treatments in 2019 and 2020
年份
Year品种
Cultivar处理
Treatment产量 (kg/hm2)
Yield穗粒数
Grains per ear千粒重 (g)
1000-grain weight收获穗数 (No./hm2)
Harvested ear number per hm22019 登海605
DH605Ur 15289 b 598 b 363 a 70440 a U1 14659 c 594 b 350 b 70440 a U2 15302 b 602 b 355 b 71550 a U3 16043 a 624 a 361 a 71115 a 登海518
DH518Ur 14066 b 525 c 371 b 72210 a U1 13310 c 503 d 369 b 71550 a U2 14535 b 545 b 373 b 71550 a U3 15478 a 561 a 384 a 71775 a 2020 登海605
DH605Ur 13753 b 521 b 361 a 73050 a U1 13118 c 504 c 356 b 73050 a U2 13791 b 518 b 362 a 73605 a U3 14919 a 557 a 365 a 73470 a 登海518
DH518Ur 13451 b 517 b 356 ab 73220 a U1 12890 c 492 c 351 b 74580 a U2 13539 b 514 b 361 a 72915 a U3 14135 a 533 a 356 ab 74445 a 变异来源 Source of variation 年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ns 品种 Cultivar (C) ** ** ** ns 处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** ns 年份×品种 Y×C ** ** ** ns 年份×处理 Y×T ns ** ns ns 品种×处理 C×T ns ** ns ns 年份×品种×处理 Y×C×T ** ** ns ns 注：Ur为沟施尿素-N 210 kg/hm2；U1、U2、U3为微灌喷施UAN-N 126、168、210 kg/hm2。同一列数据后不同小写字母代表0.05水平上的显著差异。**表示变量效应达到0.01显著水平，ns表示效应不显著。
Note: Ur is furrow application of urea-N 210 kg/hm2; U1, U2, and U3 are sprinkler application of UAN-N 126, 168, and 210 kg/hm2. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column represent significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level. ** indicates the effect of variables at 0.01 significant level, ns indicates no significant effect. -
与Ur相比，U3显著增加了氮素回收率和氮素农学利用率 (图2和图3)。随UAN施用量增加，氮素回收率也增加，以U3最高，但DH518品种U2与U3氮素回收率无显著差异。与Ur处理相比，U3处理DH605和DH518两年分别平均提高氮素回收率20.78 和19.22个百分点。两年间DH605品种U2较Ur的氮素回收率分别高出10.40和11.26个百分点，DH518品种则分别高出13.38和12.78个百分点。U1与Ur氮素回收率多无显著差异。氮素农学利用率与氮素回收率变化总体趋势基本一致，除2020年DH605品种外，U2与U3氮素农学利用率无显著差异。与Ur相比，U3处理DH605和DH518两年分别平均增加了氮素农学利用率4.57和4.99 kg/kg。两年间DH605品种U2较Ur的氮素农学利用率分别增加了1.97和1.86 kg/kg，DH518品种分别增加了4.02和2.46 kg/kg。
图 2 不同氮肥处理夏玉米氮素回收率 (2019和2020年)
Figure 2. Nitrogen recovery rate of summer maize under different fertilizer treatments in 2019 and 2020
图 3 不同氮肥处理两品种夏玉米氮素农学利用率 (2019和2020年)
Figure 3. Nitrogen agronomic efficiency of summer maize under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments in 2019 and 2020
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年份、品种以及年份与品种间的交互作用显著影响了氮素积累特性。2019年同一处理的干物质积累量高于2020年，而R6时期氮素积累量和花后氮素积累量均低于2020年，同一年份相同处理DH605品种R6时期氮素积累量高于DH518品种。处理、处理与年份间的交互作用对夏玉米干物质、氮素积累量和花后氮素积累量影响显著。随UAN施用量的增加，两品种玉米植株干物质积累量、氮素积累量和花后氮素积累量均呈增加趋势，以U3最大，显著高于Ur。2020年U2与Ur的干物质积累量、R6时期氮素积累量、花后氮素积累量没有显著差异，但2019年显著高于Ur。与Ur相比，DH605品种U3两年间R6时期氮素总积累量分别增加了14.48%和24.62%，DH518品种则分别增加了18.34%和19.55%。DH605品种U3两年间花后氮素积累量较Ur分别增加了16.22%和34.31%，DH518品种则分别增加了26.39%和24.56%；花后氮素吸收速率与花后氮素积累量变化规律一致，花后氮素积累占比各处理间没有明显规律 (表2)。
表 2 不同氮肥处理夏玉米氮素积累特性
Table 2. Nitrogen accumulation characteristics of summer maize under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments
年份
Year品种
Cultivar处理
TreatmentTDM
(kg/hm2)VT-NA
(kg/hm2)R6-NA
(kg/hm2)PA-NA
(kg/hm2)PPANA
(%)NARAA
[kg/(hm2·d)]2019 登海605
DH605Ur 27251.12 c 144.20 b 211.21 c 67.01 c 31.73 b 1.12 c U1 26135.71 d 129.70 c 193.40 d 63.70 d 32.94 a 1.06 d U2 29551.58 b 145.62 b 216.72 b 71.09 b 32.80 a 1.18 b U3 31771.69 a 163.92 a 241.79 a 77.88 a 32.20 ab 1.30 a 登海518
DH518Ur 26707.59 c 141.79 c 197.37 c 55.58 c 28.16 c 0.93 c U1 25458.21 d 120.27 d 176.27 d 56.00 c 31.77 a 0.93 c U2 27702.73 b 145.68 b 209.88 b 64.20 b 30.59 ab 1.07 b U3 31336.97 a 163.31 a 233.57 a 70.25 a 30.07 b 1.17 a 2020 登海605
DH605Ur 24218.27 b 147.61 c 230.18 b 82.57 b 35.87 ab 1.38 b U1 21023.06 c 126.42 d 192.99 c 66.58 c 34.50 b 1.11 c U2 24050.07 b 153.37 b 237.18 b 83.80 b 35.33 b 1.40 b U3 28712.08 a 175.96 a 286.86 a 110.90 a 38.66 a 1.85 a 登海518
DH518Ur 24356.57 b 126.39 c 227.69 b 101.30 b 44.49 a 1.69 b U1 22263.99 c 112.70 d 192.85 c 80.15 c 41.56 b 1.34 c U2 23858.52 b 131.39 b 235.00 b 103.61 b 44.09 a 1.73 b U3 26724.64 a 146.03 a 272.20 a 126.18 a 46.36 a 2.10 a 变异来源 Source of variation 年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** ** ** 品种 Cultivar (C) ** ** ** ** ** ** 处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** ** ** 年份×品种 Y×C ns ** ** ** ** ** 年份×处理 Y×T ** * ** ** ** ** 品种×处理 C×T ** * ns ns ns ns 年份×品种×处理 Y×C×T ** ** ** ns ns ns 注：Ur为沟施尿素-N 210 kg/hm2；U1、U2、U3为微灌喷施UAN-N 126、168、210 kg/hm2。TDM为干物质总量；VT-NA、R6-NA、PA-NA代表抽雄期 (VT)、成熟期 (R6)和花后氮素积累量；PPANA为花后氮素积累所占比例；NARAA为花后氮素吸收速率。同列数据后不同小写字母代表处理间在0.05水平差异显著。*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，ns表示效应不显著。
Note: Ur is furrow application of urea-N 210 kg/hm2; U1, U2, and U3 are sprinkler application of UAN-N 126, 168, and 210 kg/hm2. TDM indicates total dry matter; VT-NA, R6-NA, and PA-NA indicate N accumulation at the VT, R6, and post-anthesis stage; PPANA is the proportion of post-anthesis N accumulation; NARAA is the daily nitrogen absorption rate after anthesis. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column represent significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level. * and ** indicate the variable effect at the 0.05 and 0.01 significant levels, ns indicates no significant effect. -
年份、品种以及年份与品种间的交互作用对夏玉米氮素转运量、籽粒氮素积累量和开花后氮素同化量影响显著。2019年同一处理的营养器官氮素转运量、籽粒氮素积累量和开花后氮素同化量均低于2020年，同一年份相同处理DH605品种的营养器官氮素转运量高于DH518品种。处理、处理与年份间的交互作用对夏玉米营养器官氮素转运量、籽粒氮素积累量和开花后氮素同化量影响显著，处理与品种间的交互对营养器官氮素转运量和籽粒氮素积累量影响显著，三因素交互则对营养器官氮素转运量影响显著。但两年中无论哪一品种，随UAN施用量增加，夏玉米营养器官氮素转运量、籽粒氮素积累量和开花后氮素同化量均呈增加趋势。U3的氮素转运量显著高于Ur (除2019年的DH518品种外)，两年间DH605品种U3较Ur氮素转运量分别增加了17.52%和21.07%，2020年DH518品种的U3则增加了13.06%。2019年U2较Ur的氮素转运量无显著差异，而2020年显著增加。两年间DH605品种U3籽粒氮素积累量较Ur分别增加了12.91%和28.95%，DH518品种则分别增加了8.77%和21.08%。除2019年DH518品种外，U2籽粒氮素积累量较Ur虽有增加但没有达到显著性水平。两年间DH605品种U3较Ur的花后氮素同化量分别提高了8.37%和35.45%，DH518品种则分别提高了21.13%和24.98%。U2花后氮素同化量较Ur虽有增加但没有达到显著性水平 (除2019年DH518品种U2较Ur显著增加外)。就氮素转运效率和氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率而言，并没有呈现出随UAN施用量增加而增加的趋势，反而最高施氮量获得较低的贡献率 (表3)。
表 3 不同氮肥处理夏玉米氮素转运特性
Table 3. Nitrogen reallocation characteristics of summer maize under nitrogen fertilizer treatments
年份
Year品种
Cultivar处理
TreatmentNTA
(kg/hm2)NTE
(%)GNA
(kg/hm2)NCP
(%)AANAA
(kg/hm2)2019 登海605
DH605Ur 46.70 b 32.39 a 94.14 b 49.61 a 47.43 b U1 43.60 c 33.61 a 87.54 c 49.80 a 43.95 c U2 47.92 b 32.91 a 96.17 b 49.84 a 48.25 b U3 54.88 a 33.48 a 106.29 a 51.64 a 51.40 a 登海518
DH518Ur 43.03 a 30.35 a 77.01 c 55.87 a 33.98 c U1 32.91 b 27.37 b 68.44 d 48.09 c 35.52 b U2 42.71 a 29.32 a 78.72 b 54.25 a 36.01 b U3 42.60 a 26.08 b 83.76 a 50.86 b 41.16 a 2020 登海605
DH605Ur 62.45 c 42.31 a 138.19 b 45.20 a 75.73 b U1 49.72 d 39.33 b 110.53 c 44.99 a 60.81 c U2 64.68 b 42.17 a 141.39 b 45.75 a 76.71 b U3 75.61 a 42.97 a 178.19 a 42.48 a 102.58 a 登海518
DH518Ur 46.79 c 37.03 a 142.86 b 32.76 ab 96.07 b U1 42.03 d 37.29 a 117.21 c 35.89 a 75.17 c U2 49.14 b 37.40 a 146.63 b 33.52 ab 97.49 b U3 52.90 a 36.23 a 172.97 a 30.59 b 120.07 a 变异来源Source of variation 年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** ** 品种 Cultivar (C) ** ** ** ** ** 处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** ** 年份×品种 Y×C ** ns ** ** ** 年份×处理 Y×T * * ** ** ** 品种×处理 C×T * ** ** * ns 年份×品种×处理 Y×C×T ** ** ns ** ns 注：Ur 为沟施尿素-N 210 kg/hm2；U1、U2、U3为微灌喷施UAN-N 126、168、210 kg/hm2。NTA为营养器官氮素转运量；NTE为氮素转运效率；GNA为籽粒氮积累；NCP为氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率；AANAA为花后氮素同化量。同列数据后不同小写字母代表处理间在0.05水平差异显著。*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，ns表示效应不显著。
Note: Ur is furrow application of urea-N 210 kg/hm2; U1, U2, and U3 are sprinkler application of UAN-N 126, 168, and 210 kg/hm2. NTA is N transport amount from vegetative organs; NTE is N transport efficiency; NCP is contribution proportion of N transport to grains; GNA is grain N accumulation; AANAA is N assimilating amount of post-anthesis. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column represent significant difference among treatments at 0.05 level. * and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05 and 0.01 significant levels, ns indicates no significant effect. -
2019年，至R3时期，0—60 cm土层U2和U3处理的NO3−-N含量始终处于较高水平，保证了玉米生长氮素营养的供给；20—60 cm土层喷施UAN处理呈现由VT—R3阶段NO3−-N含量增加，R3—R6阶段降低的规律，而40—60 cm土层VT时期后Ur处理的土壤NO3−-N含量则呈现增加趋势，且Ur处理的0—20 cm土层VT—R6阶段NO3−-N含量明显下降，至R6时期显著低于喷施UAN处理。2020年，随夏玉米生育进程的推进，0—40 cm土层土壤NO3−-N含量呈下降趋势，40—60 cm土层则呈上升趋势，各土层Ur在各时期土壤NO3−-N含量均处于较高水平。两年中喷施UAN处理较沟施尿素处理降低了R6时期40—60 cm土层NO3−-N含量 (除2019年的U2处理外)，降低了土壤NO3−-N淋失的潜在风险。
2019和2020年夏玉米生长期间0—20 cm土层NH4+-N含量呈现相似规律，Ur和U3的NH4+-N含量处于较高水平。随着生育进程的推进，0—20 cm土层NH4+-N含量基本呈现先升高后降低趋势，各处理在V12或VT时期达到最大值，R6时期降至最小值。2019年20—40和40—60 cm土层NH4+-N含量波动规律基本一致，V12时期出现最大值，喷施UAN处理NH4+-N含量显著高于Ur (图4)。
图 4 夏玉米生育期不同氮肥处理土壤NO3−-N和NH4+-N含量 (2019和2020年)
Figure 4. Soil NO3−-N and NH4+-N content under different treatments during maize season in 2019 and 2020
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由图5可知，两年两品种试验Ur处理土壤氮素盈余均显著高于喷施UAN处理。2019年，提高UAN施用量显著增加了土壤氮盈余量，DH605品种和DH518品种U3氮素盈余分别较U1增加了36.68%和24.18%，但仍较Ur处理分别减少了18.73%和20.88%，而U2则较U3处理分别减少了12.75%和13.36%。2020年，UAN各施用量间土壤氮素盈余无显著差异，DH605品种和DH518品种U3氮素盈余较Ur处理分别降低了34.17%和28.78%。最终，相较于Ur，U3处理DH605和DH518两年分别平均降低土壤氮素盈余43.63和40.36 kg/hm2，U2则分别平均降低48.25和51.91 kg/hm2。
图 5 不同氮肥处理土壤氮盈余 (2019和2020年)
Figure 5. Soil nitrogen surplus of each fertilizer treatment in 2019 and 2020
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产量与粮食收入成正比，U3处理粮食收入最高，U2处理次之，均高于Ur处理。生产成本的差异主要体现在氮肥成本和其它成本 (施肥人工)上，相同氮肥用量UAN成本高于尿素，而沟施尿素劳动力成本高于喷施UAN。综合考虑粮食收入和生产成本，U3处理净收入最高，两年间DH605品种平均较Ur处理增益11.75%，DH518品种则平均增益13.61%；U2处理次之，两年DH605品种平均较Ur增益3.85%，DH518品种则平均增益6.82%；U1净收入最低，两年DH605品种平均较尿素增益−1.35%，DH518品种则平均增益−1.74% (表4)。
表 4 不同施肥处理夏玉米两年平均粮食收入、生产成本和收益
Table 4. Grain income, cost and benefit of summer maize on two year average under different fertilizer treatments
品种
Cultivar处理
Treatment产量
Yield
(kg/hm2)粮食收入
Grain income
(yuan/hm2)生产成本 Costs (yuan/hm2) 净收益
Benefit
(yuan/hm2)增益
Increase
(%)氮肥
N fertilizer种子
Seed磷肥
P fertilizer钾肥
K fertilizer其它
Other登海605
DH605Ur 14520.9 41094.14 1255.8 1000.8 278.8 275.4 9259 29024.34 U1 13888.26 39303.78 1058.4 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 28631.38 −1.35 U2 14546.47 41166.51 1411.2 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 30141.31 3.85 U3 15481.07 43811.42 1764 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 32433.42 11.75 登海518
DH518Ur 13758.85 38937.55 1255.8 1000.8 278.8 275.4 9259 26867.75 U1 13099.94 37072.82 1058.4 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 26400.42 −1.74 U2 14036.97 39724.61 1411.2 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 28699.41 6.82 U3 14806.55 41902.53 1764 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 30524.53 13.61 注：Ur为沟施尿素-N 210 kg/hm2；U1、U2、U3为微灌喷施UAN-N 126、168、210 kg/hm2。其他成本包括：微喷材料 (管道＋零件) 费 2009 元/hm2，喷施UAN处理微喷材料 (管道＋零件) 费2089 元/hm2，旋地、播种、收获农机费3150 元/hm2，农药900 元/hm2；沟施尿素人工费 (80 元/工) 1600 元/hm2；喷施UAN人工费320 元/hm2；管道铺设与回收费1600 元/hm2。
Note: Ur is furrow application of urea-N 210 kg/hm2; U1, U2, and U3 are sprinkler application of UAN-N 126, 168, and 210 kg/hm2. Other costs include the micro sprinkler materials cost of furrow application of urea treatment (pipes + parts) 2009 yuan/hm2, the micro sprinkler materials cost of spraying UAN treatment (pipes + parts) 2089 yuan/hm2; agricultural machinery cost (including rotation, sowing, and harvesting) 3150 yuan/hm2; pesticide: 900 yuan/hm2; the manual cost of furrow application of urea (80 yuan/worker) 1600 yuan/hm2; the manual cost of spraying UAN 320 yuan/hm2; pipeline laying and recycling cost 1600 yuan/hm2. -
氮肥施用是玉米高产的前提条件，一定范围内，氮肥用量与产量呈正相关关系。Liu等[22]研究指出，采用优化综合农艺管理模式，在0～184.5 kg/hm2范围内，施氮量增加，产量随之增加。本研究结果表明，UAN施用量在210 kg/hm2以内，产量随施氮量增加而增加。与传统施肥相比，灌溉施肥将分离的水肥转变为一体，改善了土壤条件，保证了养分均衡供应[23]。白珊珊等[24]研究表明，微喷施肥可分别提高冬小麦和夏玉米的产量7.9%和17.1%。相同氮量和施氮方式施用UAN相比尿素可增加玉米产量和植株吸氮量，其增产原因可归结为秃顶长的减少和穗粒数的增加[25]。本研究表明，相同施氮量喷施UAN较沟施尿素分别提高了DH605品种和DH518品种玉米产量6.71%和7.57%，增加净收益11.75%和13.61% (表1和4)，减氮20% (U2)的产量水平与沟施尿素处理无显著差异 (表1)，U2下DH605品种和DH518品种净收益分别增加3.85%和6.82% (表4)。施用UAN增加产量主要得益于穗粒数的增加而不是千粒重的改变 (表1)。
环境变化对穗粒数影响较大，千粒重则受遗传影响较大[26]。2019和2020年玉米生育期内日平均降雨分别为2.91和6.85 mm，降雨差异以及光照差异可能是灌溉条件下2019年两个品种夏玉米产量、穗粒数高于2020年的原因。DH605灌浆期较DH518长，穗长 (18 cm)也长于DH518 (16.7 cm)[27−28]，提供了更多小花着生和发育空间，是DH605品种穗粒数和产量更高的重要原因。
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植株氮素的积累和转运在各个生育阶段均会发生，早期植株吸收的氮素主要用于叶片和茎秆生长，生殖期 (吐丝期)开始后吸收的氮素则更多供给籽粒建成。且随着植株衰老，玉米吸氮能力下降，叶片和茎秆中的氮素向籽粒转运增加[13, 29]，因此，营养体氮素的转运以及吐丝后吸收的氮都对籽粒氮积累有所贡献[30]。本研究中，营养器官氮素转运量随UAN施用量的增加而增加，但氮素转运率和氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率没有增加 (表3)。花后转运的氮对籽粒的贡献受施氮水平和基因型的影响，一定范围内施氮水平越高，氮素吸收量、转运量和花后同化量越多[31−33]。然而，高的花后氮积累会抑制氮素转运，并导致分配给籽粒的转运氮减少，转运氮素对籽粒的贡献率降低[34]，且当吐丝后氮吸收本身不足以满足穗中氮需求时，可通过氮素转运来满足[35]。增加氮供应可能降低花前积累氮的转运效率，增加营养器官中氮残留量[36−37]。
本研究中，喷施UAN较传统沟施尿素显著增加了氮素转运量、籽粒氮素积累量和总氮积累量。与尿素相比，UAN多元性氮形态更有利于玉米吸收利用，且不同氮形态可协调速效、中效和长效供肥[19]。王旭明等[38]研究表明，向玉米供应两种形态的氮 (NH4+-N和NO3−-N)能够促进植株生长发育和产量提高，增加植株总重量，改善干物质向籽粒的分配。且UAN在促进根系生长，增强根系抗氧化物酶活性、延缓根系衰老方面效果显著[39]。加之灌溉施肥相结合，将液态氮肥的优势充分发挥，同时为植株吸收土壤中的氮素提供合适环境条件，促进氮素积累和群体生物量建成，进而改善籽粒发育和产量形成。
土壤水分条件是影响植株干物质和氮素积累转运的重要因素，适当干旱有利于维持群体光合并增加干物质积累量及产量[40]，而充足的土壤水分则有利于氮素的吸收和转运[41]。两季的降雨差异通过调节土壤水分含量影响干物质和氮素吸收转运状况。品种对夏玉米干物质和氮素积累差异影响极显著，DH605更长的生育期和更高的株高是其干物质和氮素积累量更高的重要原因[28, 42]。
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植物系统从土壤中回收利用的氮多数低于施氮量的50%[43]。施氮量增加，氮肥利用效率降低[44−46]。另有研究则表明，施氮量增加，氮肥利用效率先增加后降低[47−48]。本研究中，在施N210 kg/hm2以内，随UAN施用量增加，氮素回收率和氮素农学利用率增加，但UAN施N量168和210 kg/hm2处理间差异不显著，若继续增加UAN施用量，氮肥利用效率可能显著降低。喷施UAN (U3)较传统沟施尿素 (Ur)显著提高了氮素回收率和氮素农学利用率，降低了R6时期土壤深层NO3−-N含量，减弱了氮素淋失风险。前人研究表明，施用UAN能够改善玉米对氮素营养的吸收和利用，在促进玉米产量和氮肥利用效率提高方面有积极影响[19, 49−51]，UAN减量施用，土壤中NO3−-N向地下淋洗速率减慢[51]。此外，应用微喷施肥也能显著提高氮肥利用效率[52]，降低深层土壤NO3−-N含量，减少养分淋失[24]。传统沟施将尿素集中施于肥料沟，尿素遇水溶解后土壤局部氮浓度迅速增加，氮素更易随水下移，加剧了淋失风险。
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所有处理中，Ur处理氮素盈余最高，而植株氮素吸收量较低 (表2)，深层土壤硝态氮含量较高 (图4)，表明Ur有较多的氮素没有被利用，而是损失在环境中，其较低的氮肥利用效率和氮肥农学利用效率也证实了这一观点。前人研究表明，施用尿素较UAN产生更多气态氮损失。UAN中占比25%的NO3−-N不以氨挥发的形式流失，氨挥发损失风险低于尿素。且尿素以传统沟施方式施用，施入土壤中呈条带状分布，尿素水解局部pH升高，导致氨挥发损失风险加剧[53]。此外，以UAN为氮源产生的N2O累积排放量低于尿素[54]。施用UAN呈现较低的土壤氮素盈余，显著提高氮效率，促进植株对氮素的吸收。前人研究表明，随着施氮量增加，土壤氮素盈余呈增加趋势[55]。本研究中，U1土壤氮素盈余最低，这主要是由于其较低的施氮量。2019年，随UAN施氮量的增加，土壤氮素盈余呈增加趋势，氮肥施用量增加供给植株可吸收氮增加的同时加剧了氮素流向环境的风险。而2020年U2和U3土壤氮素盈余处于较低水平，高施氮量下的低氮素盈余量可能与UAN处理较高的氮吸收有关。
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在氮施用量较传统用量减少20%的前提下，结合喷灌施用尿素硝酸铵溶液促进了玉米氮素积累和再分配，在保证产量的同时，显著增加了氮素回收率和氮素农学利用率，降低了土壤NO3−-N淋失的潜在风险和土壤氮素盈余，实现夏玉米生产减肥增效的目标。
喷施尿素硝酸铵提高夏玉米产量并降低氮肥用量和土壤氮素盈余
Foliar application of urea ammonium nitrate increases summer maize yield and reduces nitrogen input and soil nitrogen surplus
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摘要:
【目的】 尿素分次追施是黄淮海夏玉米的常规施肥方法，但费事费力，播撒不匀还可能降低肥效，引发氮素损失。我们结合当前推广的微喷灌技术，研究了喷施尿素硝酸铵液体肥(UAN)替代土施尿素的可行性以及适宜的施肥量。 【方法】 于2019和2020年，在泰安市岱岳区马庄镇开展田间试验，供试夏玉米品种为登海605 (DH605)和登海518 (DH518)。设沟施尿素-N 210 kg/hm2 (Ur)，喷施UAN-N 126 kg/hm2 (U1，减氮40%)、168 kg/hm2 (U2，减氮20%)和210 kg/hm2 (U3)处理，以及1个不施氮对照 (N0)。在玉米抽雄期(VT)、成熟期(R6)，采集植株样品分析不同部位氮素含量和干物质积累量，计算氮素吸收、运转和利用率。于玉米播前、拔节期(V6)、大喇叭口期(V12)、抽雄期(VT)、乳熟期(R3)和成熟期(R6)，取0—20、20—40、40—60 cm土层土样，分析硝态氮和铵态氮含量，计算氮素残留和盈余量。 【结果】 DH605和DH518两个玉米品种的产量均表现为U3处理显著高于U2和Ur处理，而U1处理显著低于U2和Ur处理，U3处理DH605的产量和净收益较Ur处理分别增加了6.71%和11.75%，DH518分别增加了7.57%和13.61%。干物质积累量、氮素积累量、氮素转运量和花后氮素同化量均随UAN用量的增加而增加，U3处理各指标均显著高于其他处理，两品种氮素回收率较Ur处理分别提高了20.78和19.22个百分点，氮素农学利用率分别增加了4.57和4.99 kg/kg。U2处理两品种玉米产量与Ur处理无显著差异，但植株氮素积累量、氮素转运量和花后氮素同化量高于Ur处理，最终提高了氮素回收率和氮素农学利用率。VT时期20—40 cm土层NO3−-N含量随UAN施用量增加而增加。玉米VT至R6时期，各处理0—20 cm土层NO3−-N含量基本呈降低趋势，Ur处理降低幅度最大，且喷施UAN处理与沟施尿素处理相比减少了玉米R6时期40—60 cm土层NO3−-N含量，降低了氮素淋失潜在风险。此外，与Ur相比，喷施UAN处理降低了土壤氮素盈余，U3处理DH605和DH518两年分别平均降低43.63和40.36 kg/hm2，U2处理则分别平均降低了48.25和51.91 kg/hm2。 【结论】 在施氮量较传统用量减少20%的前提下，喷灌施用尿素硝酸铵溶液促进了玉米氮素积累和再分配，在保证产量的同时，可显著增加氮素回收率和氮素农学利用率，降低土壤NO3−-N淋失的潜在风险和土壤氮素盈余，实现夏玉米生产减肥增效的目标。 Abstract:【Objective】 Base application plus one or two topdressing practices of urea is a conventional fertilization method in summer maize production of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, which is time-consuming and laborious, and high in N loss risk. We studied the feasibility and appropriate amount of spraying urea ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer (UAN), combing with the currently promoted micro-sprinkler irrigation technology. 【Methods】 Field experiments were conducted in Taian City, Shandong Province in 2019 and 2020, with summer maize hybrids Denghai 605 (DH605) and Denghai 518 (DH518) as test materials. The treatments included furrow application of urea-N 210 kg/hm2 (Ur), sprinkler application of UAN-N 126 kg/hm2 (U1, reducing N by 40%), 168 kg/hm2 (U2, reducing N by 20%), and 210 kg/hm2 (U3), as well as a no nitrogen fertilizer control. At the tasseling stage (VT) and physiological maturity stage (R6), plant samples were taken to analyze N content and dry matter accumulation in different parts for the calculation of N absorption, reallocation, and utilization efficiencies. Before sowing and at the sixth leaf stage (V6), the twelfth leaf stage (V12), tasseling stage (VT), milk stage (R3), and physiological maturity stage (R6), soil samples from 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and 40–60 cm depth were taken to analyze the nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content for the calculation of N residue and surplus in soil. 【Results】 The grain yields of hybrid DH605 and DH518 in U3 treatment were significantly higher than in U2 and Ur, while those in U1 were significantly lower than U2 and Ur. The grain yield and net income of hybrid DH605 under U3 were 6.71% and 11.75% higher than under Ur, while those of DH518 under U3 were 7.57% and 13.61% higher than under Ur, respectively. The dry matter accumulation, N accumulation, N transport and post-anthesis N assimilation amount all reached peaks in U3 treatment (P<0.05). Compared with Ur, the U3 treatment increased the N recovery rates of the two hybrids by 20.78 and 19.22 percentage points, N agronomic use efficiencies by 4.57 and 4.99 kg/kg, respectively. U2 treatment was recorded similar grain yields in the two hybrids with Ur, but enhanced plant N accumulation, transport and post-anthesis N assimilation, so led to significant higher N recovery and agronomic efficiencies than Ur. At the VT stage of maize, the NO3−-N content in 20–40 cm soil layer increased with the increase of UAN application rate. From VT to R6 stage, the NO3−-N content in 0–20 cm soil layer of each treatment showed a decreasing trend, with the highest decrease in Ur treatment. At the R6 stage, UAN treatment soils were recorded lower NO3−-N content in 40–60 cm soil layer than Ur treatment, weakened the potential risk of NO3−-N leaching. Compared with Ur, U3 decreased the N surplus in DH605 and DH518 experiment by 43.63 and 40.36 kg/hm2 on two year average, and U2 decreased those by 48.25 and 51.91 kg/hm2, respectively. 【Conclusions】 With 20% less of conventional N input, foliar application of urea ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer with sprinkler irrigation stimulates the nitrogen accumulation and reallocation, and increases the nitrogen recovery and agronomic efficiencies while increase maize yield, and decrease the soil nitrogen surplus and NO3−-N leaching risk, achieving the target of fertilizer reduction and profit improvement in summer maize production. -
图 1 夏玉米生长季温度和降水量 (2019—2020)
Figure 1. Temperature and precipitation in summer maize growing season (2019−2020)
图 2 不同氮肥处理夏玉米氮素回收率 (2019和2020年)
Figure 2. Nitrogen recovery rate of summer maize under different fertilizer treatments in 2019 and 2020
图 3 不同氮肥处理两品种夏玉米氮素农学利用率 (2019和2020年)
Figure 3. Nitrogen agronomic efficiency of summer maize under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments in 2019 and 2020
图 4 夏玉米生育期不同氮肥处理土壤NO3−-N和NH4+-N含量 (2019和2020年)
Figure 4. Soil NO3−-N and NH4+-N content under different treatments during maize season in 2019 and 2020
图 5 不同氮肥处理土壤氮盈余 (2019和2020年)
Figure 5. Soil nitrogen surplus of each fertilizer treatment in 2019 and 2020
表 1 不同氮肥处理夏玉米产量及其构成因素 (2019和2020年)
Table 1. Yield and yield components of summer maize under different fertilization treatments in 2019 and 2020
年份
Year品种
Cultivar处理
Treatment产量 (kg/hm2)
Yield穗粒数
Grains per ear千粒重 (g)
1000-grain weight收获穗数 (No./hm2)
Harvested ear number per hm22019 登海605
DH605Ur 15289 b 598 b 363 a 70440 a U1 14659 c 594 b 350 b 70440 a U2 15302 b 602 b 355 b 71550 a U3 16043 a 624 a 361 a 71115 a 登海518
DH518Ur 14066 b 525 c 371 b 72210 a U1 13310 c 503 d 369 b 71550 a U2 14535 b 545 b 373 b 71550 a U3 15478 a 561 a 384 a 71775 a 2020 登海605
DH605Ur 13753 b 521 b 361 a 73050 a U1 13118 c 504 c 356 b 73050 a U2 13791 b 518 b 362 a 73605 a U3 14919 a 557 a 365 a 73470 a 登海518
DH518Ur 13451 b 517 b 356 ab 73220 a U1 12890 c 492 c 351 b 74580 a U2 13539 b 514 b 361 a 72915 a U3 14135 a 533 a 356 ab 74445 a 变异来源 Source of variation 年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ns 品种 Cultivar (C) ** ** ** ns 处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** ns 年份×品种 Y×C ** ** ** ns 年份×处理 Y×T ns ** ns ns 品种×处理 C×T ns ** ns ns 年份×品种×处理 Y×C×T ** ** ns ns 注：Ur为沟施尿素-N 210 kg/hm2；U1、U2、U3为微灌喷施UAN-N 126、168、210 kg/hm2。同一列数据后不同小写字母代表0.05水平上的显著差异。**表示变量效应达到0.01显著水平，ns表示效应不显著。
Note: Ur is furrow application of urea-N 210 kg/hm2; U1, U2, and U3 are sprinkler application of UAN-N 126, 168, and 210 kg/hm2. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column represent significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level. ** indicates the effect of variables at 0.01 significant level, ns indicates no significant effect.
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表 2 不同氮肥处理夏玉米氮素积累特性
Table 2. Nitrogen accumulation characteristics of summer maize under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments
年份
Year品种
Cultivar处理
TreatmentTDM
(kg/hm2)VT-NA
(kg/hm2)R6-NA
(kg/hm2)PA-NA
(kg/hm2)PPANA
(%)NARAA
[kg/(hm2·d)]2019 登海605
DH605Ur 27251.12 c 144.20 b 211.21 c 67.01 c 31.73 b 1.12 c U1 26135.71 d 129.70 c 193.40 d 63.70 d 32.94 a 1.06 d U2 29551.58 b 145.62 b 216.72 b 71.09 b 32.80 a 1.18 b U3 31771.69 a 163.92 a 241.79 a 77.88 a 32.20 ab 1.30 a 登海518
DH518Ur 26707.59 c 141.79 c 197.37 c 55.58 c 28.16 c 0.93 c U1 25458.21 d 120.27 d 176.27 d 56.00 c 31.77 a 0.93 c U2 27702.73 b 145.68 b 209.88 b 64.20 b 30.59 ab 1.07 b U3 31336.97 a 163.31 a 233.57 a 70.25 a 30.07 b 1.17 a 2020 登海605
DH605Ur 24218.27 b 147.61 c 230.18 b 82.57 b 35.87 ab 1.38 b U1 21023.06 c 126.42 d 192.99 c 66.58 c 34.50 b 1.11 c U2 24050.07 b 153.37 b 237.18 b 83.80 b 35.33 b 1.40 b U3 28712.08 a 175.96 a 286.86 a 110.90 a 38.66 a 1.85 a 登海518
DH518Ur 24356.57 b 126.39 c 227.69 b 101.30 b 44.49 a 1.69 b U1 22263.99 c 112.70 d 192.85 c 80.15 c 41.56 b 1.34 c U2 23858.52 b 131.39 b 235.00 b 103.61 b 44.09 a 1.73 b U3 26724.64 a 146.03 a 272.20 a 126.18 a 46.36 a 2.10 a 变异来源 Source of variation 年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** ** ** 品种 Cultivar (C) ** ** ** ** ** ** 处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** ** ** 年份×品种 Y×C ns ** ** ** ** ** 年份×处理 Y×T ** * ** ** ** ** 品种×处理 C×T ** * ns ns ns ns 年份×品种×处理 Y×C×T ** ** ** ns ns ns 注：Ur为沟施尿素-N 210 kg/hm2；U1、U2、U3为微灌喷施UAN-N 126、168、210 kg/hm2。TDM为干物质总量；VT-NA、R6-NA、PA-NA代表抽雄期 (VT)、成熟期 (R6)和花后氮素积累量；PPANA为花后氮素积累所占比例；NARAA为花后氮素吸收速率。同列数据后不同小写字母代表处理间在0.05水平差异显著。*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，ns表示效应不显著。
Note: Ur is furrow application of urea-N 210 kg/hm2; U1, U2, and U3 are sprinkler application of UAN-N 126, 168, and 210 kg/hm2. TDM indicates total dry matter; VT-NA, R6-NA, and PA-NA indicate N accumulation at the VT, R6, and post-anthesis stage; PPANA is the proportion of post-anthesis N accumulation; NARAA is the daily nitrogen absorption rate after anthesis. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column represent significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level. * and ** indicate the variable effect at the 0.05 and 0.01 significant levels, ns indicates no significant effect.
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表 3 不同氮肥处理夏玉米氮素转运特性
Table 3. Nitrogen reallocation characteristics of summer maize under nitrogen fertilizer treatments
年份
Year品种
Cultivar处理
TreatmentNTA
(kg/hm2)NTE
(%)GNA
(kg/hm2)NCP
(%)AANAA
(kg/hm2)2019 登海605
DH605Ur 46.70 b 32.39 a 94.14 b 49.61 a 47.43 b U1 43.60 c 33.61 a 87.54 c 49.80 a 43.95 c U2 47.92 b 32.91 a 96.17 b 49.84 a 48.25 b U3 54.88 a 33.48 a 106.29 a 51.64 a 51.40 a 登海518
DH518Ur 43.03 a 30.35 a 77.01 c 55.87 a 33.98 c U1 32.91 b 27.37 b 68.44 d 48.09 c 35.52 b U2 42.71 a 29.32 a 78.72 b 54.25 a 36.01 b U3 42.60 a 26.08 b 83.76 a 50.86 b 41.16 a 2020 登海605
DH605Ur 62.45 c 42.31 a 138.19 b 45.20 a 75.73 b U1 49.72 d 39.33 b 110.53 c 44.99 a 60.81 c U2 64.68 b 42.17 a 141.39 b 45.75 a 76.71 b U3 75.61 a 42.97 a 178.19 a 42.48 a 102.58 a 登海518
DH518Ur 46.79 c 37.03 a 142.86 b 32.76 ab 96.07 b U1 42.03 d 37.29 a 117.21 c 35.89 a 75.17 c U2 49.14 b 37.40 a 146.63 b 33.52 ab 97.49 b U3 52.90 a 36.23 a 172.97 a 30.59 b 120.07 a 变异来源Source of variation 年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** ** 品种 Cultivar (C) ** ** ** ** ** 处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** ** 年份×品种 Y×C ** ns ** ** ** 年份×处理 Y×T * * ** ** ** 品种×处理 C×T * ** ** * ns 年份×品种×处理 Y×C×T ** ** ns ** ns 注：Ur 为沟施尿素-N 210 kg/hm2；U1、U2、U3为微灌喷施UAN-N 126、168、210 kg/hm2。NTA为营养器官氮素转运量；NTE为氮素转运效率；GNA为籽粒氮积累；NCP为氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率；AANAA为花后氮素同化量。同列数据后不同小写字母代表处理间在0.05水平差异显著。*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，ns表示效应不显著。
Note: Ur is furrow application of urea-N 210 kg/hm2; U1, U2, and U3 are sprinkler application of UAN-N 126, 168, and 210 kg/hm2. NTA is N transport amount from vegetative organs; NTE is N transport efficiency; NCP is contribution proportion of N transport to grains; GNA is grain N accumulation; AANAA is N assimilating amount of post-anthesis. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column represent significant difference among treatments at 0.05 level. * and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05 and 0.01 significant levels, ns indicates no significant effect.
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表 4 不同施肥处理夏玉米两年平均粮食收入、生产成本和收益
Table 4. Grain income, cost and benefit of summer maize on two year average under different fertilizer treatments
品种
Cultivar处理
Treatment产量
Yield
(kg/hm2)粮食收入
Grain income
(yuan/hm2)生产成本 Costs (yuan/hm2) 净收益
Benefit
(yuan/hm2)增益
Increase
(%)氮肥
N fertilizer种子
Seed磷肥
P fertilizer钾肥
K fertilizer其它
Other登海605
DH605Ur 14520.9 41094.14 1255.8 1000.8 278.8 275.4 9259 29024.34 U1 13888.26 39303.78 1058.4 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 28631.38 −1.35 U2 14546.47 41166.51 1411.2 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 30141.31 3.85 U3 15481.07 43811.42 1764 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 32433.42 11.75 登海518
DH518Ur 13758.85 38937.55 1255.8 1000.8 278.8 275.4 9259 26867.75 U1 13099.94 37072.82 1058.4 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 26400.42 −1.74 U2 14036.97 39724.61 1411.2 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 28699.41 6.82 U3 14806.55 41902.53 1764 1000.8 278.8 275.4 8059 30524.53 13.61 注：Ur为沟施尿素-N 210 kg/hm2；U1、U2、U3为微灌喷施UAN-N 126、168、210 kg/hm2。其他成本包括：微喷材料 (管道＋零件) 费 2009 元/hm2，喷施UAN处理微喷材料 (管道＋零件) 费2089 元/hm2，旋地、播种、收获农机费3150 元/hm2，农药900 元/hm2；沟施尿素人工费 (80 元/工) 1600 元/hm2；喷施UAN人工费320 元/hm2；管道铺设与回收费1600 元/hm2。
Note: Ur is furrow application of urea-N 210 kg/hm2; U1, U2, and U3 are sprinkler application of UAN-N 126, 168, and 210 kg/hm2. Other costs include the micro sprinkler materials cost of furrow application of urea treatment (pipes + parts) 2009 yuan/hm2, the micro sprinkler materials cost of spraying UAN treatment (pipes + parts) 2089 yuan/hm2; agricultural machinery cost (including rotation, sowing, and harvesting) 3150 yuan/hm2; pesticide: 900 yuan/hm2; the manual cost of furrow application of urea (80 yuan/worker) 1600 yuan/hm2; the manual cost of spraying UAN 320 yuan/hm2; pipeline laying and recycling cost 1600 yuan/hm2.
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