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科学施肥是提高小麦产量和肥料利用效率的重要措施[1]，普通尿素施入农田后，养分快速释放，相当一部分会以氨挥发、硝态氮淋溶等途径损失掉，这是造成氮肥利用效率低的主要因素。究其原因，主要与普通尿素养分释放与作物养分需求时空错位有关[2]。尿素一次基施并不能满足冬小麦全生育期所需养分，往往需要分次施用才能确保小麦产量。分次施肥不仅费时费工，而且肥效直接受土壤墒情的影响，因此，小麦生产上迫切需要简化高效的施肥方案[3−4]。控释氮肥的出现，为小麦简化髙效施肥方案提供了新的思路和途径。控释氮肥的肥效长且稳定，利于土壤氮素释放与作物氮素吸收同步，有潜力实现一次性施肥满足作物在整个生育阶段的氮素需求[5−7]。一次性基施控释氮肥，利于耕作层全层混合，可减少氮素流失，提高氮肥利用率，改善农田生态环境[8−9]。由于冬小麦在分蘖时期和拔节到开花期对氮素的需求较高，而控释氮肥的早期氮素释放速率过于缓慢[10]，使得冬小麦在分蘖期间难以吸收充足的氮素[11−12]。因此控释氮肥与普通氮肥配施其氮素释放规律与冬小麦各生育期的氮素需求更加吻合，更有利于冬小麦的生长发育。前人研究表明，控释氮素与普通氮素配合施用，能调节冬小麦分蘖生长，促进冬前有效分蘖，增加有效穗数[13−14]。但由于不同地区土壤类型和气候条件不同，导致控释氮肥与普通氮肥最适掺混比例研究结果不一[15−16]，并且目前控释氮肥与普通氮肥配施对冬小麦氮素吸收利用的调控机制尚不明确。本试验通过设置两个施氮水平，并在两个施氮水平下设置不同控释氮素比例，监测冬小麦各生育时期的土壤氮素供给与植株氮素积累和转运，探索控释掺混氮肥调控冬小麦氮素吸收利用的生理生态机制；结合不同处理下的产量和氮素利用效率，筛选出适宜关中地区冬小麦高产高效生产的施肥方案。
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试验于2020—2022年在陕西省咸阳市武功县武功镇凉马村吨良田试验场 (34°21′N，108°02′E) 进行，试验地海拔为443 m，年均降雨量为504.6 mm，年均气温为14.37°C。试验田前茬种植玉米，玉米收获后粉碎还田，种植模式为冬小麦–夏玉米轮作。2020—2022两年度冬小麦生长季的日平均降水量及日平均温度变化如图1所示，播种前0—20 cm土层土壤理化性质如表1所示。
图 1 2020—2022年日均降水量及日均温度变化
Figure 1. Daily average precipitation and daily average temperature change in 2020—2022
表 1 播种前0—20 cm土层土壤理化性质
Table 1. Physiochemical properties of 0−20 cm soil layer before sowing
年度
Year有机质 (g/kg)
Organic matter全氮 (g/kg)
Total N碱解氮 (mg/kg)
Hydrolysable N速效磷 (mg/kg)
Available P速效钾 (mg/kg)
Available K2020—2021 15.0 0.97 64.1 10.4 220.2 2021—2022 16.1 0.93 54.5 20.7 231.5 -
试验采用双因素完全随机区组设计，设置两个施氮水平，分别为192 kg/hm2 (N1，减氮20%) 和240 kg/hm2 (N2，传统施氮量)。在两种施氮量下设置5种肥料处理，普通尿素分次施用(F1，农户常规氮肥施用方案)，30%控释尿素+70%普通尿素一次性基施 (F2)，50%控释尿素+50%普通尿素一次性基施 (F3)，70%控释尿素+30%普通尿素一次性基施 (F4)，控释尿素一次性基施 (F5)，不同处理施氮量如表2所示。其中F1处理的氮肥以基施∶追施为1∶1的比例在播种前和拔节期施入，其他处理氮肥均为播种前一次性基施。各处理磷钾施用量一致，均为120 kg/hm2，且均在播种前一次性基施。试验小区面积为20 m2(4 m×5 m)，重复3次。
表 2 不同处理施氮量(kg/hm2)
Table 2. Nitrogen application rate of different treatments
处理
Treatment控释氮肥 (CRU)
Controlled release urea尿素
Urea总施氮量
Total N inputN1F1 0.0 192.0 192.0 N1F2 57.6 134.4 192.0 N1F3 96.0 96.0 192.0 N1F4 134.4 57.6 192.0 N1F5 192.0 0.0 192.0 N2F1 0.0 240.0 240.0 N2F2 72.0 168.0 240.0 N2F3 120.0 120.0 240.0 N2F4 168.0 72.0 240.0 N2F5 240.0 0.0 240.0 供试小麦为强筋冬小麦品种‘西农20’。供试控释氮肥为树脂包膜控释尿素 (N 44%)，控释期90天，由杨凌唯拓尔农业科技有限公司提供。其他供试化肥为尿素 (N 46.4%)、氯化钾 (K2O 60%)、重过磷酸钙 (P2O5 46%)。2020—2021年度冬小麦于10月26日播种，6月11日收获，全生育期有效降水量为165.8 mm，2021—2022年度冬小麦于10月17日播种，6月9日收获，全生育期有效降水量为134.5 mm。2020—2021年度在拔节期进行微喷补灌，用水量为36 mm，2021—2022年度在拔节期进行微喷补灌，用水量为40 mm，其他管理措施同一般高产田。
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在冬小麦越冬、返青、拔节和开花期采集0—40 cm土层土壤样品，成熟期采集0—200 cm土层土壤样品，前40 cm土层每10 cm采集1个样品，40—200 cm土层每20 cm采集1个样品。土样过筛后称取5 g土样，加入1.0 mol/L的氯化钾溶液50 mL，振荡30 min后过滤，采用德国Seal公司产的AA3型流动分析仪测定土壤的硝态氮含量。
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冬小麦成熟期，每个试验小区随机收获2 m2脱粒晒干，称重并测定含水率，再换算为含水率12.5%时的籽粒重量，计算单位面积产量。同时每试验小区随机调查1 m2穗数，计算单位面积穗数。每试验小区随机抽取30个穗调查每穗粒数。从测产中的籽粒样品中数1000粒调查千粒重。每处理重复3次。
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根据以下公式计算产值和经济效益：
产值 (元/hm2) =产量 (kg/hm2)×单价 (元/kg)
经济效益 (元/hm2)=产值 (元/hm2)−肥料投入 (元/hm2)−其他投入 (元/hm2)
根据2020—2021年和2021—2022年小麦收购价格、肥料价格及其他支出 (包括种子、整地、农药、浇水和劳动成本等)，计算产值和净收入，其中F1处理的其他支出包括追肥劳动投入成本。2021年小麦收购价格2.32 元/kg，重过磷酸钙价格2.7元/kg，尿素价格2.1元/kg，控释氮肥价格3.3元/kg，氯化钾价格2.4元/kg，F1处理的其他支出为3000元/hm2，其他处理为2500元/hm2；2022年小麦收购价格2.4元/kg，重过磷酸钙价格3元/kg，尿素价格2.8元/kg，控释氮肥价格4元/kg，氯化钾价格2.4元/kg，F1处理的其他支出为3700元/hm2，其他处理为3000元/hm2。
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在冬小麦越冬、返青、拔节、开花以及成熟期取植株地上部样品，开花期按照穗、茎秆+叶鞘以及叶片进行分样，成熟期按籽粒、颖壳+穗轴、茎秆+叶鞘以及叶片进行分样，之后杀青并烘干至恒重，称取干物质质量。用微型植物粉碎机粉碎样品，过0.15 mm筛，氮含量用半微量凯氏定氮法测定[17]。
冬小麦对氮素的吸收积累分配利用相关指标计算公式如下：
氮素积累量 (TNA，kg/hm2)=氮含量×干物质积累量；
花前氮素转运量 (NRA，kg/hm2)=开花期营养器官氮素积累量−成熟期营养器官氮素积累量；
花前氮素转运效率 (NRR，%)=花前氮素转运量/开花期植株氮素积累量×100；
花前氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率 (NRCT，%)=花前氮素转运量/成熟期籽粒氮积累量×100；
花后氮素积累量 (NAG，kg/hm2)=成熟期籽粒氮积累量−花前氮素转运量；
花后氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率 (NACT，%)=花后氮素积累量/成熟期籽粒氮积累量×100；
氮素吸收效率 (NUpE，kg/kg)=植株氮素积累量/施氮量；
氮素利用效率 (NUtE，kg/kg)=籽粒产量/地上部氮素积累量；
氮素利用效率相关指标计算公式如下[18]：
氮肥偏生产力 (PFPN，kg/kg)=施氮处理产量/施氮量。
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利用Microsoft Excel 2016和SPSS 16.0 (Duncan P<0.05)软件进行数据处理和统计分析，采用Origin2022软件作图。
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如图2和图3所示，冬小麦整个生育期0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量表现为N2处理大于N1。两个施氮量下，越冬期0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量均以F2处理显著高于其他处理；返青期F1处理的0—30 cm土层硝态氮含量低于其他处理；在拔节期0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量以F4处理最大；开花期0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量表现为F4和F5处理高于其他处理，整体表现为F4、F5>F1>F3、F2；成熟期0—40 cm土层的硝态氮含量各处理间差异不显著。综合全生育期，CRU比例达70%的土壤硝态氮供给更加合理，最有利于冬小麦返青期到开花期的氮素供给。
图 2 2020—2021年不同处理冬小麦生育期内0—40 cm土层硝态氮含量动态变化
Figure 2. Dynamics of nitrate concentration in 0−40 cm soil layer of each treatment across winter wheat season in 2020−2021
图 3 2021—2022年不同处理小麦生育期内0—40 cm土层硝态氮含量动态变化
Figure 3. Dynamics of nitrate concentration in 0−40 cm soil layer of each treatment across winter wheat season in 2021−2022
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图4显示，不同处理间的成熟期土壤0—200 cm的硝态氮含量变化主要表现在80—140 cm土层。在F4和F5处理下，N1与N2施氮量在80—200 cm土层的硝态氮含量无显著差异，而在F1和F2处理下，N2施氮量在80—200 cm土层的硝态氮含量显著高于N1施氮量。在不同控释氮素占比处理间，0—40 cm的硝态氮含量无显著差异；在40—80 cm土层中，F2和F3处理高于其他处理；在80—200 cm土层则为F2处理显著高于其他处理，整体表现为F2>F3、F1>F4、F5。结果表明增加普通氮素的施用量，会增加土壤硝态氮向下淋溶损失，不利于冬小麦的吸收利用，而适当增加控释氮素的施用量，成熟期80—200 cm土层的硝态氮含量无显著差异。
图 4 2020—2022年冬小麦成熟期各处理0—200 cm土层硝态氮含量
Figure 4. Nitrate concentration in 0−200 cm soil layer of each treatment at mature stage of winter wheat from 2020−2022
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图5显示，在冬小麦开花期和成熟期的氮素积累量表现为N2施氮量高于N1施氮量。在不同控释氮素占比处理间，在越冬期、返青期和拔节期，两种施氮条件下各掺混比例处理间差异不显著；在开花期和成熟期，2020—2021年度表现为F4和F5处理的氮素积累量显著高于其他处理，整体表现为F4、F5>F1>F2、F3，2021—2022年度则表现为F4处理显著高于其他处理。说明随着控释氮素占比的增加，冬小麦开花期和成熟期的氮素积累量逐渐增加，当控释氮素占比在70%时成熟期氮素积累量达到最大值。
图 5 不同处理对冬小麦各生育时期氮素积累量的影响
Figure 5. Effects of different treatments on nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat at different growth stages
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如表3所示，冬小麦成熟期籽粒氮素分配量和分配比例表现为N2施氮量显著高于N1施氮量。在不同控释氮素占比处理间，2020—2021年度籽粒氮素积累量表现为F4和F5处理显著高于其他处理，分配比例表现为F3、F4和F5处理显著高于其他处理，2021—2022年度籽粒氮素积累量则表现为F4处理显著高于其他处理，整体表现为F4>F5>F3、F1>F2，两年度籽粒氮素积累量F4相较F1处理平均提高16.96%；两年度叶片氮素积累量和分配比例为F1和F2处理显著高于其他处理。说明增加控释氮素占比，有利于营养器官氮素向籽粒转移，当控释氮素占比为70%时，能够提高籽粒氮素积累量和分配比例。
表 3 不同处理冬小麦成熟期氮素在各器官中的分配
Table 3. Nitrogen distribution in various organs of winter wheat at maturing stage under different treatments
年度
Year处理
Treatment氮积累量 N accumulation (kg/hm2) 分配比例 Distribution proportion (%) 籽粒
Grain茎秆+叶鞘
Stem and sheath叶片
Leaf颖壳+穗轴
Spike axis and glume籽粒
Grain茎秆+叶鞘
Stem and sheath叶片
Leaf颖壳+穗轴
Spike axis and glume2020—2021 N1 F1 192.32 b 43.13 a 12.33 a 13.76 ab 73.53 c 16.49 a 4.72 b 5.26 b F2 180.45 c 37.05 c 13.78 a 15.11 a 73.24 c 15.04 b 5.59 a 6.14 a F3 200.53 b 32.38 d 8.49 c 11.43 c 79.32 a 12.81 c 3.36 c 4.52 c F4 218.98 a 36.67 c 8.33 c 12.10 bc 79.32 a 13.28 c 3.02 c 4.38 c F5 212.98 a 40.00 b 10.33 b 12.12 bc 77.32 b 14.52 b 3.76 c 4.40 c N2 F1 198.75 c 42.43 a 11.73 a 15.56 b 74.03 c 15.80 a 4.37 a 5.80 b F2 189.16 c 40.47 a 9.31 b 17.58 a 73.74 c 15.77 a 3.63 b 6.86 a F3 210.45 b 34.26 b 8.81 c 14.49 c 78.52 b 12.78 b 3.29 c 5.41 c F4 233.29 a 35.15 b 7.67 d 13.57 d 80.53 a 12.14 b 2.65 d 4.69 d F5 233.30 a 35.16 b 8.02 d 13.54 d 80.44 a 12.13 b 2.76 d 4.67 d N ** NS ** ** ** ** ** ** F ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** N×F NS ** ** NS ** ** ** NS 2021—2022 N1 F1 213.49 b 50.26 b 18.28 a 12.28 d 72.54 c 17.08 b 6.21 a 4.17 e F2 181.84 d 56.91 a 17.48 ab 20.12 a 65.80 e 20.59 a 6.32 a 7.28 a F3 203.61 c 51.53 b 19.05 a 19.70 a 69.28 d 17.53 b 6.48 a 6.70 b F4 239.00 a 44.00 c 16.00 bc 17.67 b 75.47a 13.89 d 5.05 b 5.58 c F5 218.57 b 44.37 c 15.59 c 14.41 c 74.61 b 15.14 c 5.32 b 4.92 d N2 F1 219.00 c 51.14 a 19.40 a 22.62 a 70.16 d 16.38 b 6.21 a 7.25 a F2 201.93 d 51.68 a 19.40 a 17.61 b 69.48 d 17.79 a 6.67 a 6.06 b F3 221.98 c 53.73 a 15.07 b 17.29 b 72.05 c 17.44 a 4.89 b 5.61 b F4 273.02 a 50.67 a 12.64 b 14.54 d 77.80 a 14.45 c 3.61 c 4.14 d F5 243.36 b 48.00 b 14.00 b 15.78 c 75.78 b 14.95 c 4.36 b 4.92 c N ** * ** ** ** ** ** NS F ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** N×F ** * ** ** ** * * ** 注：N1—施氮量 192 kg/hm2；N2—施氮量240 kg/hm2；F1处理为普通尿素分两次施用，F2、F3、F4、F5处理为控释尿素和普通尿素混合一次性基施，其中控释肥氮素比例依次为30%、50%、70%、100%。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一施氮量不同掺混比例处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。*、**表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，NS—效应不显著。
Note: N1 and N2 indicate N application rate 192 and 240 kg/hm2, F1 indicates common urea applied in base and topdressing, F2, F3, F4, and F5 indicate complete application of controlled release and common urea as base fertilizer, with the controlled release urea N ratio of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%, respectively. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments with the same N application rate (P<0.05). *, and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05, and 0.01 significant levels, and NS indicates no significant effect. -
如表4所示，花前氮素转移量以及花前氮素转运效率表现为N2施氮量显著高于N1施氮量。在不同控释氮素占比处理下，2020—2021年度开花前氮素转运量表现为F4和F5处理显著高于其他处理；2021—2022年度则表现为F4处理显著高于其他处理，两年度花前氮素转移量F4相较F1处理平均提高18.63%；花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮的贡献率表现为各掺混比例处理间差异不显著。说明增加施氮量能够提高花前氮素转运量，增加控释氮素占比能够提高冬小麦花前氮素的转运量和转运效率。
表 4 不同处理下冬小麦氮素的再分配
Table 4. Nitrogen reallocation in winter wheat as affected by nitrogen fertilizer treatments
处理
Treatment2020—2021 2021—2022 开花前 Pre-anthesis 开花后 Post-anthesis 开花前 Pre-anthesis 开花后 Post-anthesis 转运量
NRA
(kg/hm2)转运效率
NRR
(%)籽粒贡献率
NRCT
(%)积累量
NAG
(kg/hm2)贡献率
NACT
(%)转运量
NRA
(kg/hm2)转运效率
NRR
(%)籽粒贡献率
NRCT (%)积累量
NAG
(kg/hm2)贡献率
NACT
(%)N1 F1 136 b 66.4 b 70.9 abc 55.9 a 29.1 a 154.8 bc 65.7 b 72.5 a 58.7 ab 27.5 a F2 127 c 65.8 b 70.2 bc 53.7 a 29.8 a 132.5 d 58.4 d 72.9 a 49.3 b 27.1 a F3 140 b 72.9 a 70.0 c 60.2 a 30.0 a 150.4 c 62.5 c 73.9 a 53.2 b 26.1 a F4 158 a 73.5 a 72.4 ab 60.4 a 27.6 a 175.7 a 69.3 a 73.5 a 63.3 a 26.5 a F5 155 a 71.2 a 72.8 a 58.0 a 27.2 a 159.3 b 68.2 a 72.9 a 59.3 ab 27.1 a N2 F1 141 c 66.9 c 70.9 a 57.8 ab 29.1 a 162.4 c 63.6 d 74.2 a 56.6 b 25.8 a F2 134 c 66.6 c 71.0 a 54.8 b 29.0 a 148.3 d 62.6 d 73.5 a 53.6 b 26.5 a F3 151 b 72.4 b 71.9 a 59.1 ab 28.1 a 165.2 c 65.7 c 74.4 a 56.8 b 25.6 a F4 170 a 75.0 a 72.7 a 63.6 a 27.3 a 201.8 a 74.3 a 73.9 a 71.2 a 26.1 a F5 168 a 74.8 a 72.0 a 65.3 a 28.0 a 180.9 b 69.9 b 74.4 a 62.4 ab 25.6 a N ** ** NS NS NS ** ** * NS * F ** ** NS * NS ** ** NS * NS N×F NS * NS NS NS * ** NS NS NS 注：N1—施氮量 192 kg/hm2；N2—施氮量240 kg/hm2；F1处理为普通尿素分两次施用，F2、F3、F4、F5处理为控释尿素和普通尿素混合一次性基施，其中控释肥氮素比例依次为30%、50%、70%、100%。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一施氮量不同掺混比例处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。*、**表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，NS—效应不显著。
Note: N1 and N2 indicate N application rate 192 and 240 kg/hm2, F1 indicate common urea applied in base and topdressing, F2, F3, F4, and F5 indicate complete application of controlled release and common urea as base fertilizer, with the controlled release urea N ratio 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% CRU, respectively. NRA—Nitrogen remobilization amount in vegetative organs; NRR—Nitrogen remobilization ratio in vegetative organs; NRCT—Total contribution rate of nitrogen remobilization pre-anthesis to grain nitrogen; NAG—Nitrogen uptake amount after anthesis; NACT—Contribution rate of nitrogen accumulated after-anthesis to the grain nitrogen.Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments in the same N application rate (P<0.05). * and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05, and 0.01 significant levels, and NS indicate no significant effect. -
图6显示，在拔节期、开花期和成熟期的总茎数表现为N2施氮量高于N1施氮量。在不同控释氮素占比处理间，在越冬期各掺混比例处理间无显著差异，在返青期则表现为F3和F4处理高于其他处理；在拔节期表现为F4处理的总茎数达到最大；在开花和成熟期表现为在2020—2021年度F4和F5处理显著高于其他处理，在2021—2022年度表现为F4处理显著高于其他处理。说明普通氮素肥效发挥较快，占比高有利于增加冬小麦生育前期群体数量；控释氮素肥效供应持久，占比高有利于改善冬小麦生育中后期群体数量，保持较高的成熟期穗数，奠定高产基础。
图 6 不同处理冬小麦各生育时期总茎数
Figure 6. Total stem number of winter wheat at different growth stages under different treatments
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表5显示，在F4和F5处理下，N2施氮量的穗数以及籽粒产量高于N1施氮量，而在F2和F3处理下，N2和N1间差异较小。在不同控释氮素占比处理下，各掺混比例处理间穗粒数和千粒重无显著差异。2020—2021年度穗数和产量表现为F4和F5处理显著高于其他处理，F4和F5处理间差异较小；2021—2022年度，穗数和产量表现为F4处理显著高于其他处理。两年度N2F4相比N2F1处理产量平均提高17.54%。结果表明增加控释氮素占比能够通过提高冬小麦穗数来提高籽粒产量，且控释氮素占比在70%和100%时，增加施氮量能提高冬小麦的穗数和籽粒产量。
表 5 不同处理冬小麦产量及其构成因素
Table 5. Yield and its components of winter wheat underdifferent treatments
处理
Treatment2020—2021 2021—2022 穗数
Number of spikes
(×104/hm2)穗粒数
Grains per
spike千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)产量
Grain yield
(kg/hm2)穗数
Number of spikes
(×104/hm2)穗粒数
Grains per
spike千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)产量
Grain yield
(kg/hm2)N1 F1 481 b 35.6 a 49.5 a 7795 b 553 bc 39.7 a 47.0 a 9006 b F2 469 b 36.9 a 48.8 a 7268 c 543 c 37.1 a 46.6 a 8514 c F3 475 b 36.6 a 49.4 a 7489 c 554 bc 39.1 a 46.5 a 9023 b F4 509 a 35.7 a 49.7 a 8514 a 600 a 39.8 a 47.1 a 9868 a F5 514 a 37.1 a 49.1 a 8395 a 569 b 39.8 a 48.5 a 9272 b N2 F1 505 b 37.9 a 49.8 b 7965 b 559 c 39.2 a 47.4 a 9108 c F2 473 c 34.1 ab 49.1ab 7272 c 546 c 37.6 a 47.7 a 8585 d F3 481 c 34.5 ab 50.1 ab 7432 c 553 c 39.4 a 46.5 a 9156 c F4 536 a 34.8 ab 50.6 a 8771a 639 a 39.9 a 46.0 a 11382 a F5 544 a 36.1 a 49.8 ab 8794 a 607 b 39.9 a 46.9 a 10052 b N ** NS * * ** NS NS ** F ** NS NS ** ** NS NS ** N*F * NS NS NS ** NS NS ** 注：N1—施氮量 192 kg/hm2；N2—施氮量240 kg/hm2；F1处理为普通尿素分两次施用，F2、F3、F4、F5处理为控释尿素和普通尿素混合一次性基施，其中控释肥氮素比例依次为30%、50%、70%、100%。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一施氮量不同掺混比例处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。*、**表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，NS—效应不显著。
Note: N1 and N2 indicate N application rate 192 and 240 kg/hm2, F1 indicates common urea applied in base and topdressing, F2, F3, F4, and F5 indicate complete application of controlled release and common urea as base fertilizer, with the controlled release urea N ratio of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%, respectively. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments of the same nitrogen application rate (P<0.05). *, and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05, and 0.01 significant levels, and NS indicate no significant effect. -
如表6所示，在不同控释氮素占比处理间，2020—2021年度，两种施氮量下F4相比F5处理肥料投入平均单位面积减少7.36%，但F4和F5处理间产值和净效益差异不显著，净效益整体表现为F4、F5>F1>F2、F3；2021—2022年度，F4相比F5处理肥料投入平均单位面积减少6.27%，且F4处理的净效益和产值显著高于F5处理及其他处理；两年度N2F4、N2F5相比N1F4、N1F5处理净效益平均分别提高10.08%和6.41%。结果说明，适当增加控释氮素占比，能够提高冬小麦净效益，控释氮素占比在70%时，净效益达到最大。
表 6 不同处理下冬小麦产值和经济效益
Table 6. The output value and economic benefit of winter wheat under different treatments
处理
Treatment2020—2021 2021—2022 产值
Output
(yuan/hm2)肥料投入
Fertilizer cost
(yuan/hm2)其他
Others
(yuan/hm2)净效益
Benefit
(yuan/hm2)产值
Output
(yuan/hm2)肥料投入
Fertilizer cost
(yuan/hm2)其他
Other
(yuan/hm2)净效益
benefit
(yuan/hm2)N1 F1 17929.4 b 2053.3 3000 12876.1 b 21614.2 b 2541.2 3700 15373.0 bc F2 16716.8 c 2224.6 2500 11992.2 c 20434.4 c 2717.3 3000 14717.1 c F3 17225.1 c 2338.8 2500 12386.3 bc 21654.6 b 2834.7 3000 15819.9 b F4 19582.0 a 2453.0 2500 14629.0 a 23682.8 a 2952.0 3000 17730.8 a F5 19308.5 a 2624.4 2500 14184.2 a 22252.4 b 3128.1 3000 16124.3 b N2 F1 18319.6 b 2270.6 3000 13049.0 b 21858.3 c 2830.9 3700 15327.4 cd F2 16725.2 c 2484.7 2500 11740.5 c 20604.4 d 3051.0 3000 14553.4 d F3 17093.6 c 2627.5 2500 11966.1 c 21974.2 c 3197.7 3000 15776.5 c F4 20173.1 a 2770.2 2500 14902.8 a 27316.3 a 3344.4 3000 20972.0 a F5 20225.2 a 2984.4 2500 14740.8 a 24124.0 b 3564.4 3000 17559.5 b N * * ** ** F ** ** ** ** N*F NS NS ** ** 注：N1—施氮量 192 kg/hm2；N2—施氮量240 kg/hm2；F1处理为普通尿素分两次施用，F2、F3、F4、F5处理为控释尿素和普通尿素混合一次性基施，其中控释肥氮素比例依次为30%、50%、70%、100%。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一施氮量不同掺混比例处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，NS—效应不显著。
Note: N1 and N2 indicate N application rate 192 and 240 kg/hm2, F1 indicate common urea applied in base and topdressing, F2, F3, F4, and F5 indicate complete application of controlled release and common urea as base fertilizer, with the controlled release urea N ratio 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% CRU, respectively. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments of the same nitrogen application rate (P<0.05). * and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05, and 0.01 significant levels, and NS indicates no significant effect. -
由表7可知，氮肥偏生产力和氮素吸收效率表现为N1施氮量显著高于N2施氮量；在不同控释氮素占比处理下，2020—2021年度，两种施氮量下氮素利用效率、氮素吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力表现为F4和F5处理显著高于其他处理；2021—2022年度，氮素利用效率在N1施氮量下表现为F4和F5处理最高，N2施氮量下F4处理显著高于其他处理，氮素吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力表现为F4处理显著高于其他处理。说明在两种施氮量下控释氮素占比为70%能够提高冬小麦的氮肥偏生产力和氮素吸收效率，N2F4相比N1F4处理在提高产量的同时，氮素利用效率两处理间无显著差异。
表 7 不同处理下冬小麦氮素利用效率
Table 7. Nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat under different treatments
处理
Treatment2020—2021 2021—2022 氮素利用效率
NUtE
(kg/kg)氮素吸收效率
NUpE
(kg/kg)氮肥偏生产力
PFPN
(kg/kg)氮素利用效率
NUtE
(kg/kg)氮素吸收效率
NUpE
(kg/kg)氮肥偏生产力
PFPN
(kg/kg)N1 F1 29.81 b 1.36 b 40.60 b 30.60 b 1.53 b 46.91 b F2 29.50 b 1.28 c 37.86 c 30.81 b 1.44 c 44.35 c F3 29.62 b 1.32 bc 39.01 bc 30.70 b 1.53 b 46.99 b F4 30.84 a 1.44 a 44.34 a 31.16 ab 1.65 a 51.39 a F5 30.48 a 1.43 a 43.72 a 31.65 a 1.53 b 48.29 b N2 F1 29.67 b 1.12 b 33.19 b 29.18 c 1.30 bc 37.95 c F2 28.35 c 1.07 c 30.30 c 29.54 c 1.21 d 35.77 d F3 27.73 d 1.12 b 30.97 c 29.72 c 1.28 c 38.15 c F4 30.28 a 1.21 a 36.55 a 32.44 a 1.46 a 47.42 a F5 30.32 a 1.21 a 36.64 a 31.30 b 1.34 b 41.88 b N ** ** ** ** ** ** F ** ** ** ** ** ** N*F ** NS NS ** NS ** 注：N1—施氮量 192 kg/hm2；N2—施氮量240 kg/hm2；F1处理为普通尿素分两次施用，F2、F3、F4、F5处理为控释尿素和普通尿素混合一次性基施，其中控释肥氮素比例依次为30%、50%、70%、100%。NUtE—氮素利用效率；NUpE—氮素吸收效率；PFPN—氮肥偏生产力。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一施氮量不同掺混比例处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，NS—效应不显著。
Note: N1 and N2 indicate N application rate 192 and 240 kg/hm2, F1 indicates common urea applied in base and topdressing, F2, F3, F4, and F5 indicate complete application of controlled release and common urea as base fertilizer, with the controlled release urea N ratio of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%, respectively. NUtE—Nitrogen utilization efficiency; NUpE—Nitrogen uptake efficiency; PFPN—Nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments with the same nitrogen rate (P<0.05). * and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05, and 0.01 significant levels, and NS indicates no significant effect. -
由图7可知，返青、拔节和开花期的0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量与成熟期地上部氮素积累量呈显著正相关，说明增加返青、拔节和开花期的土壤氮素供应均能提高冬小麦成熟期地上部氮素积累量；拔节和开花期0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量与花前氮素转运量、花前氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率呈极显著正相关；开花期0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量与花后氮素积累量呈极显著正相关，与花后氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率呈极显著负相关。说明增加拔节期的土壤氮素供应，能通过提高花前氮素转运量来增加籽粒氮素积累量；增加开花期的土壤氮素供应，能同时提高花前氮素转运量和花后氮素积累量，进而增加籽粒氮素积累量。
图 7 冬小麦氮素积累与转运和0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量相关性
Figure 7. Correlation between nitrogen accumulation and transport in winter wheat and nitrate content in 0−20 cm soil
图8表明，花前和花后氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率与开花期的氮素积累量呈显著的二次方程关系，R2=0.92。当开花期的氮素积累量为267.8 kg/hm2时，花前氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率达到最大值，且花后氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率达到最小值。说明开花期的氮素积累量小于267.8 kg/hm2，增加开花期的氮素积累量会促进花前氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率，且抑制花后氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率。
图 8 花前、花后氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率和开花期氮素积累量间的拟合关系
Figure 8. Fitting relationship between NRCT, NACT, and nitrogen accumulation at anthesis stage
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施用控释氮肥能实现一次性基施满足作物整个生育期的氮素需求，进而提高籽粒产量和氮肥利用率[19]。本试验研究结果表明，控释氮素占比70%和100%处理相比全施普通氮素处理，其拔节期以及开花期土壤硝态氮含量处于较高水平，能为冬小麦生育后期提供较充足的土壤氮素供应。然而，由于控释氮肥其养分释放受土壤温度以及水分的影响，控释氮肥前期养分释放会过于缓慢，一次性基施会造成冬小麦生育前期的土壤养分供应不足问题[20]。前人在冬小麦生长季测定树脂包膜控释氮肥的田间实际释放曲线，结果表明在前40天的累计氮素释放量较低，且在返青期出现释放速率低谷，使得冬小麦在分蘖到越冬期和返青期难以吸收充足的养分[21]。本试验研究表明，控释氮素占比100%时相比其他处理，其越冬期的土壤硝态氮含量较低，不利于冬小麦生育前期的分蘖生长。控释氮素与普通氮素配施既能满足冬小麦越冬、返青期的氮素需求，又能在拔节、开花期提供较高的土壤氮素供应。本试验研究表明控释氮素占比为70%时，既能保证冬小麦生育前期的土壤硝态氮含量，也能显著提高拔节期以及开花期的硝态氮含量。前人研究表明水稻土条件下控释氮素占比40%时，其土壤硝态氮含量与脲酶活性在冬小麦拔节期到成熟期较高，为冬小麦生育后期较高的土壤氮素供应[16,22]，其与本试验研究结果不一致，可能是由于土壤类型不同导致。说明在关中平原地区需提高控释氮素占比，保证冬小麦生育后期的土壤养分供应。
硝酸盐向深层淋溶是造成氮素利用效率低和环境污染的一个重要原因，因此需要注重土壤氮素供应与作物氮素吸收同步，减少土壤氮素挥发以及淋溶，进而实现增加冬小麦氮素吸收、产量和经济效益和保护生态环境的同步进行[23−24]。施用控释氮肥相比施普通氮肥增加冬小麦成熟期0—40 cm土层的硝态氮含量，且控释氮素占比为60%时能够降低60—100 cm土层硝态氮含量，减少氮素淋溶[15]。本试验研究表明，冬小麦成熟期0—40 cm土层的硝态氮含量在各掺混比例处理间并无明显差异，而80—200 cm土层的硝态氮含量则表现为控释氮素占比为70%和100%时显著低于其他掺混比例处理，且在控释氮素占比为70%和100%时增加施氮量80—200 cm土层的硝态氮含量并无显著增加，说明冬小麦在生育后期氮素需求较高，N2施氮量下控释氮素占比在70%和100%时，其冬小麦生育后期的土壤氮素释放与冬小麦氮素吸收更加吻合，从而在增加籽粒氮素积累量的同时降低硝态氮淋溶风险。
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营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运量和花后氮素的吸收量是作物籽粒氮素含量的两个主要来源[25]，前人研究表明在作物营养生长阶段增加氮素供应可以提高营养器官对氮素的吸收，促进氮素从营养器官向籽粒转运，在生殖生长阶段提高作物对氮素的吸收有利于提高花后同化氮素向籽粒的输入量，从而提高产量[26]。由于普通氮素肥效释放较快，一次性基施不能够满足作物生育后期对氮素的需求[27]，而控释氮素在作物生长发育前期氮素释放速率较低，一次性基施会降低营养器官中的氮积累量，进而导致营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运量减少[28]。在本试验中，控释氮素占比70%处理不仅能够保证冬小麦返青和拔节期的土壤氮素供给，而且能显著提高开花期的土壤硝态氮含量。冬小麦氮素积累与转运和土壤硝态氮含量间相关性分析表明，返青期和拔节期的土壤硝态氮含量与冬小麦开花期的氮素积累量呈显著正相关，控释氮肥占比70%处理通过提高返青期和拔节期的土壤硝态氮含量显著提高了开花期的氮素积累量。返青、拔节和开花期的土壤硝态氮含量与成熟期地上部氮素积累量呈显著正相关，相比F4和F5处理，F1处理在返青、拔节和开花期的土壤氮素供应较低，不利于冬小麦的氮素积累。前人研究表明当开花期氮素积累量较高时，会促进营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运且抑制籽粒对花后氮素的吸收[29]。本试验结果表明，当开花期的氮素积累量为267.8 kg/hm2时，花前氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率达到最大，低于267.8 kg/hm2时，开花期的氮素积累量会促进花前氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率。控释氮素占比70%处理，通过增加冬小麦开花期的氮素积累量，显著提高开花前营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运量，从而提高成熟期籽粒氮素含量。开花后同化氮素向籽粒的输入量虽呈增加趋势，但花后同化氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率呈下降趋势。说明控释氮素占比70%处理虽在冬小麦生殖生长阶段能提供良好的土壤养分供应，但是，由于冬小麦在营养生长阶段积累了较多的氮素，籽粒氮素由营养器官中转运而来的量和比例仍然较大。
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氮肥合理运筹是提高作物产量的关键，氮肥的施用对冬小麦的生长至关重要[30]，氮肥不同用量以及不同类型对作物的影响不一[31−32]。控释氮肥与普通氮肥配施，能在冬小麦氮素吸收关键时期提供充足的土壤氮素供应，为冬小麦高产奠定基础[33]。有研究表明水稻土条件下施氮量为150 kg/hm2控释氮素占比40%时，不同程度地改善了稻麦作物穗长，显著提高籽粒产量[16]。亦有研究表明施氮量为180 kg/hm2控释氮素占比60%条件下能促进冬小麦氮素吸收，通过增加冬小麦的穗粒数和千粒重来提高籽粒产量[15]。本试验研究表明控释氮素占比为70%和100%时，通过增加返青期之后的土壤氮素供给，提高了拔节期和开花期的群体数量，显著提升冬小麦成熟期穗数，进而提高产量。两年度F4和F5处理间穗数和籽粒产量变化不同，是由于第二年度冬小麦生育期内F4处理的土壤氮素供应高于F5处理，造成这一差异可能是由于两年度冬小麦生育期内积温以及降雨量不同导致。在陕西关中地区，增加施氮量，冬小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重以及籽粒产量呈现先增大后减小的趋势，施氮量为240 kg/hm2时获得较高的产量[34]。本试验发现，当控释氮素占比为30%和50%时，N1与N2相比产量无显著差异，但控释氮素占比为70%和100%时，N2施氮量的产量得到显著提高。说明适当提高控释氮素比例，能够进一步发挥氮肥投入的增产增效潜力，在一定程度上打破增氮不增产的瓶颈。
合理的施肥方式不仅能够保证作物生长发育所需养分供应，还可以减少氮的损失，提高氮肥利用率[35]。由于控释氮肥应用成本高于普通氮肥，通过控释氮肥与普通氮肥配施，可降低成本，进一步发挥控释氮肥的优势。前人研究表明控释氮肥配施普通氮肥，相比于全施普通氮肥在提高冬小麦产量的同时提高氮素利用率[36]。本试验结果进一步表明，两种施氮量下控释氮素占比70%时，在增加成熟期地上部的氮素积累量和籽粒产量的同时，氮素利用效率、氮素吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力亦显著提高。有研究表明在华北平原地区，施氮量为144 kg/hm2、控释氮肥占比75%处理与施氮量180 kg/hm2、全施普通氮肥处理相比，净效益无显著差异，但提高了冬小麦的氮素利用率[37]。在江淮平原地区控释氮肥用量为252 kg/hm2条件下，减氮10%和20%时冬小麦成熟期氮素积累量显著下降，氮素利用率差异不显著[38]。减氮处理造成的氮肥利用率变化结果不一，可能与土壤基础地力和氮肥类型有关。本试验结果表明，在关中平原地区，控释氮素占比为70%的条件下，施氮量240 kg/hm2相比减氮20%处理，氮素利用效率无显著下降，净效益平均提高10.08%，说明控释氮素占比在70%时能够促进冬小麦对氮素的高效利用，有利于实现冬小麦氮素利用效率和生产经济效益的同步提升。
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开花期较高的氮素积累量有利于增加花前营养器官贮存氮素向籽粒分配。将控释期为90天的树脂包膜尿素与普通尿素按70%和30%掺混后一次性基施，能显著提高冬小麦返青期至开花期的土壤硝态氮含量，有效提高拔节期和开花期小麦群体茎数和花期植株氮素积累量，显著提高成穗数和籽粒产量，且提高小麦生产净效益和氮素利用效率，推荐作为关中平原地区冬小麦高产高效生产的控释氮肥施用技术。
控释掺混氮肥对冬小麦氮素吸收利用和产量的影响
Effects of controlled release mixed nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake, utilization, and yield of winter wheat
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摘要:
【目的】 研究不同施氮量下控释尿素掺混普通尿素对土壤硝态氮含量、冬小麦氮素吸收利用和产量的影响，为陕西关中平原地区冬小麦的高效生产提供依据。 【方法】 冬小麦田间试验于2020—2022年在陕西省咸阳市进行，供试控释肥(CRU)氮素释放期为90天。试验设置N 192和240 kg/hm2 两个施氮水平 (N1、N2)，在两个施氮量下设置5个肥料处理，即100%普通尿素分两次施用(F1)为对照；控释尿素和普通尿素混合一次性基施，混合比例分别为30%+70% (F2)、50%+50% (F3)、70%+30% (F4)、100%控释尿素 (F5)。在冬小麦越冬、返青、拔节和开花期采集0—40 cm土层土壤样品，每10 cm为1个样品；成熟期采集0—200 cm土层土壤样品，40—200 cm土层每20 cm采集1个样品，测定土壤硝态氮含量。在冬小麦越冬、返青、拔节、开花以及成熟期取植株地上部样品，开花期分为穗、茎秆+叶鞘、叶片3个部分，成熟期分为籽粒、颖壳+穗轴、茎秆+叶鞘、叶片4个部分，称取干物质质量，测定氮素含量。于小麦成熟期测定产量。 【结果】 越冬期0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量F2处理较高，返青期后则以F4和F5处理较高，且F4和F5处理成熟期80—200 cm土层的硝态氮含量显著低于其他掺混肥处理。相比其他处理，F4和F5处理显著增加穗数，进而显著提高产量。在F2和F3处理下，N2与N1水平小麦平均产量无显著差异；在F4和F5处理N2水平的小麦平均产量高于N1水平，净效益平均分别提高10.08%和6.41%，氮素利用效率无显著差异。相比F1处理，F4处理花前氮素向籽粒的转运量平均提高18.63%，籽粒氮素积累量平均提高16.96%。相关性分析表明，拔节期0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量与花前氮素向籽粒转运量呈显著正相关，开花期0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量与花前氮素转运量和花后氮素积累量呈显著正相关。 【结论】 较高的开花期氮素积累量可增加营养器官氮素向籽粒的再分配量，实现冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的同步提升。与分次施用普通尿素N 240 kg/hm2相比，采用控释期90天的树脂包膜尿素与普通尿素按70%∶30%掺混一次性基施，能显著提高冬小麦返青期至开花期的土壤硝态氮含量，减少成熟期80—200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量，从而增加开花期总茎数及植株氮素积累量，显著提高成穗数、籽粒产量和氮素利用率。 Abstract:【Objectives】 We investigated the effect of the combined application of controlled release urea (CRU) with common urea (CU) on promoting the yield, relocation of accumulated nitrogen to grains, and soil nitrate contents at different stage of winter wheat, to serve the efficient production of winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province. 【Methods】 A winter wheat field experiment was conducted in Xianyang, Shanxi Province from 2020 to 2022, and the nitrogen release period of the test controlled release fertilizer is 90 days. Two N application amounts 192 and 240 kg/hm2 were set up, and under each N rate, the conventional urea was applied in base and topdressing as control (F1), and controlled release fertilizer and common urea were completely applied as base fertilizer in mix ratio of 30%+70% (F2), 50% +50% (F3), 70%+30% (F4), and 100%CRU (F5). At the main growth stages of winter wheat, 0−40 cm deep soil samples with one sample every 10 cm were collected for the determination of nitrate concentration, and at maturity stage, 0−200 cm soil samples were collected with one sample every 20 cm from 40−200 cm depth. At the overwintering, regreening, jointing, flowering, and maturing stages of wheat, the above ground part of wheat were sampled for biomass and N content analysis. At flowering stage, the plants were divided into three parts (ear, stem and sheath, and leaves), and at maturing stage were divided into four parts (grains, glume + rachis, stem + sheath, leaves). And yield and yield components were investigated at harvest. 【Results】 F2 treatment was recorded the highest NO3−-N concentration in 0−20 cm soil layer before regreening stage; F4 and F5 treatment were recorded the lowest NO3−-N at regreening stage, and in the 80−200 cm soil layer at harvest stage, while achieved significantly higher yield than the other treatments due to the higher number of spikes. F2 and F3 treatments achieved similar yield on average under both N2 and N1 rate. F4 and F5 treatments had higher yield under N2 rate than under N1 rate, thereby their net benefits under N2 increased by 10.08% and 6.41% than under N1 rate, and the nitrogen internal utilization efficiency were not changed significantly. Compared with F1 treatment, F4 treatment showed an average increase of 18.63% in reallocation amount of pre-anthesis N accumulation to grain, and 16.96% in N accumulation in grains. The 0−20 cm soil NO3−-N at jointing stage was positively correlated with the reallocation amount of pre-anthesis N accumulation to grain. There was a significant positive correlation between 0−20 cm soil NO3−-N at anthesis stage and nitrogen transport at pre-anthesis stage and nitrogen accumulation at post-anthesis stage. 【Conclusions】 Properly high N accumulation during anthesis stage is beneficial to the reallocation of nitrogen from vegetative organs to grains, and improves winter wheat yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency as result. Complete basal application of N 240 kg/hm2 in ratio of 70% resin coated urea with 30% ordinary urea could maintain high nitrate concentration in 0−20 cm soil from regreening to anthesis stage of winter wheat, so promoting the total number of stems and spikelet, increasing the nitrogen accumulation of plants during anthesis period, and leave low NO3−-N in 80−200 cm soil layer at harvest. -
图 1 2020—2022年日均降水量及日均温度变化
Figure 1. Daily average precipitation and daily average temperature change in 2020—2022
图 2 2020—2021年不同处理冬小麦生育期内0—40 cm土层硝态氮含量动态变化
Figure 2. Dynamics of nitrate concentration in 0−40 cm soil layer of each treatment across winter wheat season in 2020−2021
图 3 2021—2022年不同处理小麦生育期内0—40 cm土层硝态氮含量动态变化
Figure 3. Dynamics of nitrate concentration in 0−40 cm soil layer of each treatment across winter wheat season in 2021−2022
图 4 2020—2022年冬小麦成熟期各处理0—200 cm土层硝态氮含量
Figure 4. Nitrate concentration in 0−200 cm soil layer of each treatment at mature stage of winter wheat from 2020−2022
图 5 不同处理对冬小麦各生育时期氮素积累量的影响
Figure 5. Effects of different treatments on nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat at different growth stages
图 6 不同处理冬小麦各生育时期总茎数
Figure 6. Total stem number of winter wheat at different growth stages under different treatments
图 7 冬小麦氮素积累与转运和0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量相关性
Figure 7. Correlation between nitrogen accumulation and transport in winter wheat and nitrate content in 0−20 cm soil
图 8 花前、花后氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率和开花期氮素积累量间的拟合关系
Figure 8. Fitting relationship between NRCT, NACT, and nitrogen accumulation at anthesis stage
表 1 播种前0—20 cm土层土壤理化性质
Table 1. Physiochemical properties of 0−20 cm soil layer before sowing
年度
Year有机质 (g/kg)
Organic matter全氮 (g/kg)
Total N碱解氮 (mg/kg)
Hydrolysable N速效磷 (mg/kg)
Available P速效钾 (mg/kg)
Available K2020—2021 15.0 0.97 64.1 10.4 220.2 2021—2022 16.1 0.93 54.5 20.7 231.5 
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表 2 不同处理施氮量(kg/hm2)
Table 2. Nitrogen application rate of different treatments
处理
Treatment控释氮肥 (CRU)
Controlled release urea尿素
Urea总施氮量
Total N inputN1F1 0.0 192.0 192.0 N1F2 57.6 134.4 192.0 N1F3 96.0 96.0 192.0 N1F4 134.4 57.6 192.0 N1F5 192.0 0.0 192.0 N2F1 0.0 240.0 240.0 N2F2 72.0 168.0 240.0 N2F3 120.0 120.0 240.0 N2F4 168.0 72.0 240.0 N2F5 240.0 0.0 240.0
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表 3 不同处理冬小麦成熟期氮素在各器官中的分配
Table 3. Nitrogen distribution in various organs of winter wheat at maturing stage under different treatments
年度
Year处理
Treatment氮积累量 N accumulation (kg/hm2) 分配比例 Distribution proportion (%) 籽粒
Grain茎秆+叶鞘
Stem and sheath叶片
Leaf颖壳+穗轴
Spike axis and glume籽粒
Grain茎秆+叶鞘
Stem and sheath叶片
Leaf颖壳+穗轴
Spike axis and glume2020—2021 N1 F1 192.32 b 43.13 a 12.33 a 13.76 ab 73.53 c 16.49 a 4.72 b 5.26 b F2 180.45 c 37.05 c 13.78 a 15.11 a 73.24 c 15.04 b 5.59 a 6.14 a F3 200.53 b 32.38 d 8.49 c 11.43 c 79.32 a 12.81 c 3.36 c 4.52 c F4 218.98 a 36.67 c 8.33 c 12.10 bc 79.32 a 13.28 c 3.02 c 4.38 c F5 212.98 a 40.00 b 10.33 b 12.12 bc 77.32 b 14.52 b 3.76 c 4.40 c N2 F1 198.75 c 42.43 a 11.73 a 15.56 b 74.03 c 15.80 a 4.37 a 5.80 b F2 189.16 c 40.47 a 9.31 b 17.58 a 73.74 c 15.77 a 3.63 b 6.86 a F3 210.45 b 34.26 b 8.81 c 14.49 c 78.52 b 12.78 b 3.29 c 5.41 c F4 233.29 a 35.15 b 7.67 d 13.57 d 80.53 a 12.14 b 2.65 d 4.69 d F5 233.30 a 35.16 b 8.02 d 13.54 d 80.44 a 12.13 b 2.76 d 4.67 d N ** NS ** ** ** ** ** ** F ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** N×F NS ** ** NS ** ** ** NS 2021—2022 N1 F1 213.49 b 50.26 b 18.28 a 12.28 d 72.54 c 17.08 b 6.21 a 4.17 e F2 181.84 d 56.91 a 17.48 ab 20.12 a 65.80 e 20.59 a 6.32 a 7.28 a F3 203.61 c 51.53 b 19.05 a 19.70 a 69.28 d 17.53 b 6.48 a 6.70 b F4 239.00 a 44.00 c 16.00 bc 17.67 b 75.47a 13.89 d 5.05 b 5.58 c F5 218.57 b 44.37 c 15.59 c 14.41 c 74.61 b 15.14 c 5.32 b 4.92 d N2 F1 219.00 c 51.14 a 19.40 a 22.62 a 70.16 d 16.38 b 6.21 a 7.25 a F2 201.93 d 51.68 a 19.40 a 17.61 b 69.48 d 17.79 a 6.67 a 6.06 b F3 221.98 c 53.73 a 15.07 b 17.29 b 72.05 c 17.44 a 4.89 b 5.61 b F4 273.02 a 50.67 a 12.64 b 14.54 d 77.80 a 14.45 c 3.61 c 4.14 d F5 243.36 b 48.00 b 14.00 b 15.78 c 75.78 b 14.95 c 4.36 b 4.92 c N ** * ** ** ** ** ** NS F ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** N×F ** * ** ** ** * * ** 注：N1—施氮量 192 kg/hm2；N2—施氮量240 kg/hm2；F1处理为普通尿素分两次施用，F2、F3、F4、F5处理为控释尿素和普通尿素混合一次性基施，其中控释肥氮素比例依次为30%、50%、70%、100%。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一施氮量不同掺混比例处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。*、**表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，NS—效应不显著。
Note: N1 and N2 indicate N application rate 192 and 240 kg/hm2, F1 indicates common urea applied in base and topdressing, F2, F3, F4, and F5 indicate complete application of controlled release and common urea as base fertilizer, with the controlled release urea N ratio of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%, respectively. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments with the same N application rate (P<0.05). *, and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05, and 0.01 significant levels, and NS indicates no significant effect.
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表 4 不同处理下冬小麦氮素的再分配
Table 4. Nitrogen reallocation in winter wheat as affected by nitrogen fertilizer treatments
处理
Treatment2020—2021 2021—2022 开花前 Pre-anthesis 开花后 Post-anthesis 开花前 Pre-anthesis 开花后 Post-anthesis 转运量
NRA
(kg/hm2)转运效率
NRR
(%)籽粒贡献率
NRCT
(%)积累量
NAG
(kg/hm2)贡献率
NACT
(%)转运量
NRA
(kg/hm2)转运效率
NRR
(%)籽粒贡献率
NRCT (%)积累量
NAG
(kg/hm2)贡献率
NACT
(%)N1 F1 136 b 66.4 b 70.9 abc 55.9 a 29.1 a 154.8 bc 65.7 b 72.5 a 58.7 ab 27.5 a F2 127 c 65.8 b 70.2 bc 53.7 a 29.8 a 132.5 d 58.4 d 72.9 a 49.3 b 27.1 a F3 140 b 72.9 a 70.0 c 60.2 a 30.0 a 150.4 c 62.5 c 73.9 a 53.2 b 26.1 a F4 158 a 73.5 a 72.4 ab 60.4 a 27.6 a 175.7 a 69.3 a 73.5 a 63.3 a 26.5 a F5 155 a 71.2 a 72.8 a 58.0 a 27.2 a 159.3 b 68.2 a 72.9 a 59.3 ab 27.1 a N2 F1 141 c 66.9 c 70.9 a 57.8 ab 29.1 a 162.4 c 63.6 d 74.2 a 56.6 b 25.8 a F2 134 c 66.6 c 71.0 a 54.8 b 29.0 a 148.3 d 62.6 d 73.5 a 53.6 b 26.5 a F3 151 b 72.4 b 71.9 a 59.1 ab 28.1 a 165.2 c 65.7 c 74.4 a 56.8 b 25.6 a F4 170 a 75.0 a 72.7 a 63.6 a 27.3 a 201.8 a 74.3 a 73.9 a 71.2 a 26.1 a F5 168 a 74.8 a 72.0 a 65.3 a 28.0 a 180.9 b 69.9 b 74.4 a 62.4 ab 25.6 a N ** ** NS NS NS ** ** * NS * F ** ** NS * NS ** ** NS * NS N×F NS * NS NS NS * ** NS NS NS 注：N1—施氮量 192 kg/hm2；N2—施氮量240 kg/hm2；F1处理为普通尿素分两次施用，F2、F3、F4、F5处理为控释尿素和普通尿素混合一次性基施，其中控释肥氮素比例依次为30%、50%、70%、100%。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一施氮量不同掺混比例处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。*、**表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，NS—效应不显著。
Note: N1 and N2 indicate N application rate 192 and 240 kg/hm2, F1 indicate common urea applied in base and topdressing, F2, F3, F4, and F5 indicate complete application of controlled release and common urea as base fertilizer, with the controlled release urea N ratio 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% CRU, respectively. NRA—Nitrogen remobilization amount in vegetative organs; NRR—Nitrogen remobilization ratio in vegetative organs; NRCT—Total contribution rate of nitrogen remobilization pre-anthesis to grain nitrogen; NAG—Nitrogen uptake amount after anthesis; NACT—Contribution rate of nitrogen accumulated after-anthesis to the grain nitrogen.Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments in the same N application rate (P<0.05). * and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05, and 0.01 significant levels, and NS indicate no significant effect.
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表 5 不同处理冬小麦产量及其构成因素
Table 5. Yield and its components of winter wheat underdifferent treatments
处理
Treatment2020—2021 2021—2022 穗数
Number of spikes
(×104/hm2)穗粒数
Grains per
spike千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)产量
Grain yield
(kg/hm2)穗数
Number of spikes
(×104/hm2)穗粒数
Grains per
spike千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)产量
Grain yield
(kg/hm2)N1 F1 481 b 35.6 a 49.5 a 7795 b 553 bc 39.7 a 47.0 a 9006 b F2 469 b 36.9 a 48.8 a 7268 c 543 c 37.1 a 46.6 a 8514 c F3 475 b 36.6 a 49.4 a 7489 c 554 bc 39.1 a 46.5 a 9023 b F4 509 a 35.7 a 49.7 a 8514 a 600 a 39.8 a 47.1 a 9868 a F5 514 a 37.1 a 49.1 a 8395 a 569 b 39.8 a 48.5 a 9272 b N2 F1 505 b 37.9 a 49.8 b 7965 b 559 c 39.2 a 47.4 a 9108 c F2 473 c 34.1 ab 49.1ab 7272 c 546 c 37.6 a 47.7 a 8585 d F3 481 c 34.5 ab 50.1 ab 7432 c 553 c 39.4 a 46.5 a 9156 c F4 536 a 34.8 ab 50.6 a 8771a 639 a 39.9 a 46.0 a 11382 a F5 544 a 36.1 a 49.8 ab 8794 a 607 b 39.9 a 46.9 a 10052 b N ** NS * * ** NS NS ** F ** NS NS ** ** NS NS ** N*F * NS NS NS ** NS NS ** 注：N1—施氮量 192 kg/hm2；N2—施氮量240 kg/hm2；F1处理为普通尿素分两次施用，F2、F3、F4、F5处理为控释尿素和普通尿素混合一次性基施，其中控释肥氮素比例依次为30%、50%、70%、100%。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一施氮量不同掺混比例处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。*、**表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，NS—效应不显著。
Note: N1 and N2 indicate N application rate 192 and 240 kg/hm2, F1 indicates common urea applied in base and topdressing, F2, F3, F4, and F5 indicate complete application of controlled release and common urea as base fertilizer, with the controlled release urea N ratio of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%, respectively. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments of the same nitrogen application rate (P<0.05). *, and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05, and 0.01 significant levels, and NS indicate no significant effect.
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表 6 不同处理下冬小麦产值和经济效益
Table 6. The output value and economic benefit of winter wheat under different treatments
处理
Treatment2020—2021 2021—2022 产值
Output
(yuan/hm2)肥料投入
Fertilizer cost
(yuan/hm2)其他
Others
(yuan/hm2)净效益
Benefit
(yuan/hm2)产值
Output
(yuan/hm2)肥料投入
Fertilizer cost
(yuan/hm2)其他
Other
(yuan/hm2)净效益
benefit
(yuan/hm2)N1 F1 17929.4 b 2053.3 3000 12876.1 b 21614.2 b 2541.2 3700 15373.0 bc F2 16716.8 c 2224.6 2500 11992.2 c 20434.4 c 2717.3 3000 14717.1 c F3 17225.1 c 2338.8 2500 12386.3 bc 21654.6 b 2834.7 3000 15819.9 b F4 19582.0 a 2453.0 2500 14629.0 a 23682.8 a 2952.0 3000 17730.8 a F5 19308.5 a 2624.4 2500 14184.2 a 22252.4 b 3128.1 3000 16124.3 b N2 F1 18319.6 b 2270.6 3000 13049.0 b 21858.3 c 2830.9 3700 15327.4 cd F2 16725.2 c 2484.7 2500 11740.5 c 20604.4 d 3051.0 3000 14553.4 d F3 17093.6 c 2627.5 2500 11966.1 c 21974.2 c 3197.7 3000 15776.5 c F4 20173.1 a 2770.2 2500 14902.8 a 27316.3 a 3344.4 3000 20972.0 a F5 20225.2 a 2984.4 2500 14740.8 a 24124.0 b 3564.4 3000 17559.5 b N * * ** ** F ** ** ** ** N*F NS NS ** ** 注：N1—施氮量 192 kg/hm2；N2—施氮量240 kg/hm2；F1处理为普通尿素分两次施用，F2、F3、F4、F5处理为控释尿素和普通尿素混合一次性基施，其中控释肥氮素比例依次为30%、50%、70%、100%。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一施氮量不同掺混比例处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，NS—效应不显著。
Note: N1 and N2 indicate N application rate 192 and 240 kg/hm2, F1 indicate common urea applied in base and topdressing, F2, F3, F4, and F5 indicate complete application of controlled release and common urea as base fertilizer, with the controlled release urea N ratio 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% CRU, respectively. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments of the same nitrogen application rate (P<0.05). * and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05, and 0.01 significant levels, and NS indicates no significant effect.
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表 7 不同处理下冬小麦氮素利用效率
Table 7. Nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat under different treatments
处理
Treatment2020—2021 2021—2022 氮素利用效率
NUtE
(kg/kg)氮素吸收效率
NUpE
(kg/kg)氮肥偏生产力
PFPN
(kg/kg)氮素利用效率
NUtE
(kg/kg)氮素吸收效率
NUpE
(kg/kg)氮肥偏生产力
PFPN
(kg/kg)N1 F1 29.81 b 1.36 b 40.60 b 30.60 b 1.53 b 46.91 b F2 29.50 b 1.28 c 37.86 c 30.81 b 1.44 c 44.35 c F3 29.62 b 1.32 bc 39.01 bc 30.70 b 1.53 b 46.99 b F4 30.84 a 1.44 a 44.34 a 31.16 ab 1.65 a 51.39 a F5 30.48 a 1.43 a 43.72 a 31.65 a 1.53 b 48.29 b N2 F1 29.67 b 1.12 b 33.19 b 29.18 c 1.30 bc 37.95 c F2 28.35 c 1.07 c 30.30 c 29.54 c 1.21 d 35.77 d F3 27.73 d 1.12 b 30.97 c 29.72 c 1.28 c 38.15 c F4 30.28 a 1.21 a 36.55 a 32.44 a 1.46 a 47.42 a F5 30.32 a 1.21 a 36.64 a 31.30 b 1.34 b 41.88 b N ** ** ** ** ** ** F ** ** ** ** ** ** N*F ** NS NS ** NS ** 注：N1—施氮量 192 kg/hm2；N2—施氮量240 kg/hm2；F1处理为普通尿素分两次施用，F2、F3、F4、F5处理为控释尿素和普通尿素混合一次性基施，其中控释肥氮素比例依次为30%、50%、70%、100%。NUtE—氮素利用效率；NUpE—氮素吸收效率；PFPN—氮肥偏生产力。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一施氮量不同掺混比例处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平，NS—效应不显著。
Note: N1 and N2 indicate N application rate 192 and 240 kg/hm2, F1 indicates common urea applied in base and topdressing, F2, F3, F4, and F5 indicate complete application of controlled release and common urea as base fertilizer, with the controlled release urea N ratio of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%, respectively. NUtE—Nitrogen utilization efficiency; NUpE—Nitrogen uptake efficiency; PFPN—Nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column indicate significant difference among treatments with the same nitrogen rate (P<0.05). * and ** indicate the variable effect at 0.05, and 0.01 significant levels, and NS indicates no significant effect.
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