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玉米作为我国第一大粮食作物，其产量对保障我国粮食安全具有十分重要的意义[1−2]。然而，在黄土高原春玉米生产系统中，降雨量年际间差异较大且分布不均，同时蒸发强烈，干旱已逐渐成为限制该地区春玉米生产的主要因素[3]，土壤水分胁迫严重影响春玉米地上部氮素吸收及产量形成，氮肥利用效率低下[4]。因此，探究合理的农田管理措施来降低干旱限制对提高该地区春玉米产量、氮肥利用效率以及经济效益至关重要。
目前，地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖是干旱与半干旱地区农业生产中两个主要的地表覆盖技术，二者在玉米生育期均具有良好的蓄水保墒作用[5−7]。已有研究发现，地膜可在土壤与外界环境之间形成屏障，能有效抑制土壤水分蒸发，提高土壤含水量，并且可改善土壤水热条件，促进玉米光合作用，有利于地上部干物质累积，从而提高玉米产量[8]。同时，地膜覆盖可增强土壤微生物活性，增加土壤细菌丰富度与多样性，加速土壤矿化速率，促进春玉米根系对土壤水分和养分吸收，进而实现增产[9]。然而，地膜覆盖措施也存在缺点，在夏季高温时期，地膜容易造成春玉米根区土壤温度过高，影响根系生长，甚至导致叶片早衰，严重时玉米植株在生育后期存在倒伏的风险，进而影响产量形成与氮素利用效率[10−11]。此外，传统的塑料地膜难以分解且不易回收，玉米收获后会残存于土壤中，造成严重的微塑料污染，对农田生态环境与粮食生产安全构成威胁[12]。与地膜覆盖相比，秸秆覆盖同样可以有效抑制土壤水分蒸发，改善土壤水分状况，同时，秸秆覆盖可有效调节地温，使土壤温度始终保持在适宜玉米生长发育的范围内[13]。另外，秸秆可经过微生物腐解，为土壤提供额外养分来源，增强土壤肥力，促进土壤水肥交互，从而实现玉米增产[14]。
以往的研究主要集中在地表覆盖措施对黄土高原土壤水热环境以及玉米产量的影响效应方面，然而，地膜与秸秆这两种地表覆盖措施对春玉米氮素吸收与利用的影响效果尚不明确，此外，还缺乏从产量、氮肥利用效率以及经济效益等角度综合评价地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖优缺点的相关研究。本研究基于7年长期定位试验，探究黄土高原东部河谷平原区地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖措施对春玉米产量、氮肥利用效率以及经济效益的影响效果，明确该地区春玉米在不同地表覆盖模式下的增产机制，为我国粮食高产、资源高效以及环境友好的农业可持续发展提供科学理论依据。
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长期定位覆盖试验位于山西省晋中市山西农业大学东阳试验示范实习实训基地(112°39′59″E，37°33′20″N，海拔779.2 m)，始于2014年。该地区属于典型温带大陆性季风气候，年均气温为9.7℃，年均降雨量为440.7 mm，春玉米试验期间气象数据如图1所示。试验地土壤类型为石灰性潮土，质地为沙壤土，试验地0—40 cm土壤有机质含量为6.60 g/kg、全氮含量为0.64 g/kg、有效磷含量为8.30 mg/kg、速效钾含量为114.93 mg/kg、土壤容重1.53 g/cm3。种植制度为玉米单作，供试品种选用‘大丰30’，种植密度为67500株/hm2。
图 1 2021至2022年试验区气象数据
Figure 1. Meteorological data of experiment area in 2021 to 2022
2021至2022年，选取长期定位试验中的4个处理进行了调查分析。包括：无覆盖施肥处理(NM)、地膜覆盖施肥处理(FM)、秸秆覆盖施肥处理(SM)及无覆盖不施肥处理(CK)，每个处理重复4次，共16个小区，小区面积为495 m2 (45 m×11 m)，遵循完全随机区组排列。地膜选用透明塑料渗水地膜，播种前进行人工覆膜，覆盖方式为半膜覆盖。秸秆为前茬玉米秸秆(即前茬玉米收获后将残留秸秆全部移出并整杆保留，于当年试验玉米3叶期均匀覆于地表，覆盖量约为7.5 t/hm2。)。氮肥(尿素，N 46%)施用量为N 225 kg/hm2，基肥与追肥按照1∶2比例，分别在播前和10叶期施入。磷肥(过磷酸钙，P2O5 12%)和钾肥(硫酸钾，K2O 45%)施用量为P2O5 112.5 kg/hm2和K2O 75 kg/hm2，随基肥一次性施入。由于该地区春季旱情严重，且玉米生育期降雨分布不均，因此播种前进行1次灌溉以保证玉米出苗，各处理灌溉量均为150 mm，吐丝期进行1次补灌，以保证玉米花后土壤水分供给，无覆盖处理(CK与NM处理)灌水量为50 mm，覆盖处理(FM与SM处理)灌水量为30 mm。2021年5月11日播种，10月1日收获测产，2022年5月23日播种，9月27日收获测产。
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分别在玉米6叶期(V6)、10叶期(V10)、吐丝期(R1)、灌浆期(R3)、蜡熟期(R5)和成熟期(R6)采集3株植株样品，测定叶绿素值(SPAD)与叶面积指数(LAI，叶面积=叶长×叶宽×0.75)，玉米冠层光能日截获(IPAR)计算方法如下：
IPAR [MJ/(m2·d)]=∑0.5R(1−e−kLAI)；
式中：R为太阳辐射，k为玉米消光系数0.65，LAI为叶面积指数；
采集样品切分(包括茎、叶、穗轴和籽粒)并记录鲜重，放入烘箱105℃下杀青1 h，然后75℃下烘至恒重，记录干重，再粉碎装入封口袋，用凯氏定氮仪测定全氮含量。相关指标计算如下：
氮素吸收量(N kg/hm2)=植株全氮含量×干物质累积量；
花后干物质累积量(t/hm2)=成熟期干物质累积量−吐丝期干物质累积量；
花后氮素累积量(N kg/hm2)=成熟期氮素吸收量−吐丝期氮素吸收量；
氮素转移量(N kg/hm2)=吐丝期营养器官氮素吸收量−成熟期营养器官氮素吸收量；
氮素转移率(%)=氮素转移量/吐丝期营养器官氮素吸收量×100；
转移氮素贡献率(%)=氮素转移量/成熟期籽粒氮素吸收量×100；
氮肥表观回收率(%)=(施氮处理氮素吸收量−不施氮处理氮素吸收量)/施氮量×100；
氮肥农学效率(AE, kg/kg)=(施氮处理产量−不施氮处理产量)/施氮量；
氮肥偏生产力(PFP, kg/kg)=产量/施氮量；
氮素收获指数(%)=成熟期籽粒氮素吸收量/成熟期地上部氮素吸收量×100。
成熟期在每个小区中划定出100 m2 (20 m×5 m)的方形区域调查倒伏率[15] (即茎秆与地表夹角<30°或茎秆折断株数与该区域总株数的比值)，然后进行测产，重复4次，并调查百粒重和穗粒数等，将籽粒干物质量换算成含有15.5%水分的标准籽粒产量。收获指数(%)定义为成熟期籽粒干物质量与地上部干物质量的比值。
根据Guo等[16]提出的方法进行经济效益相关计算：
经济效益(元/hm2)=籽粒产量×籽粒价格−总支出；
总支出(元/hm2)=地膜(覆盖/清理)+秸秆(覆盖/清理)+灌溉+肥料+种子+除草剂+翻耕+旋耕+播种+收获；
籽粒价格定为2.3 元/kg，无覆盖处理灌溉支出为1400元/hm2，地表覆盖处理灌溉支出为1260元/hm2，地膜、秸秆、肥料、种子、除草剂、翻耕、旋耕、播种、收获的支出分别为825、475、1800、600、638、900、750、225、525 元/hm2。
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数据用SPSS 20.0进行单因素方差分析(One way ANOVA)评估不同处理间差异性，采用最小显著性差异法(LSD)分析差异显著性(P>0.05为不显著，P<0.05为显著，P<0.01为极显著)。用Sigmaplot 14.0进行作图。
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地表覆盖与年份显著影响春玉米成熟期倒伏率(表1)。由于2021年春玉米花后出现持续高温与强风天气，FM处理出现植株大面积倒伏现象，倒伏率超过70%，显著高于其他处理；而在2022年正常生长年份，各处理间倒伏率均无显著差异。地表覆盖可提高产量与收获指数(表1)，与NM处理相比，FM处理与SM处理两年内平均产量、百粒重与收获指数分别提高6.18%～15.26%、3.16%～17.52%和10.77%～13.29%。地表覆盖处理间产量存在显著差异，与FM处理相比，SM处理产量与百粒重2021年分别显著提高14.63%和19.52%。两年平均数据显示，与FM处理相比，SM处理产量与百粒重分别显著提高8.55%和13.92%。地表覆盖处理间穗粒数与收获指数两年内差异不显著。
表 1 不同处理春玉米倒伏率、产量及其构成因素与收获指数
Table 1. Lodging percentage, yield, yield component and harvest index of spring maize under different treatments
年份
Year处理
Treatment倒伏率 (%)
Lodging percentage产量 (t/hm2)
Grain yield穗粒数
Kernels per ear百粒重 (g, DW)
100-grain weight收获指数 (%)
Harvest index2021 CK 5.27±1.62 b 5.38±0.38 c 302.67±20.72 b 20.76±0.45 c 49.42±5.65 b NM 3.31±0.58 b 14.62±0.20 b 631.33±10.51 a 26.81±0.65 b 54.87±0.66 ab FM 72.14±1.46 a 14.30±0.13 b 614.44±13.51 a 26.43±1.39 b 60.79±1.62 a SM 4.04±0.79 b 16.40±0.76 a 649.56±18.98 a 30.59±0.18 a 59.07±0.63 ab 2022 CK 1.49±0.34 a 5.37±0.28 c 301.43±18.49 b 20.42±0.84 c 45.97±2.21 b NM 1.27±1.36 a 12.21±0.09 b 621.44±25.92 a 25.98±0.36 b 51.38±1.63 b FM 2.03±0.82 a 14.19±0.14 a 638.52±12.47 a 28.03±0.13 a 59.59±0.49 a SM 1.76±0.53 a 14.53±0.33 a 642.16±20.05 a 30.45±0.22 a 58.63±2.22 a 均值
Mean valueCK 5.37±0.11 c 302.05±10.07 b 20.59±0.65 c 47.70±2.05 c NM 13.42±0.12 b 626.39±18.69 a 26.40±0.51 b 53.13±0.97 b FM 14.25±0.13 b 626.48±12.43 a 27.23±1.21 b 60.19±0.81 a SM 15.46±0.54 a 645.86±15.12 a 31.02±0.20 a 58.85±0.95 a 方差分析 ANOVA 地表覆盖 Mulching (M) ** ** ns ** ** 年份 Year (Y) ** ns ns ns ns M×Y * ns ns ns ns 注：CK—无覆盖不施肥对照；NM—无覆盖施肥处理；FM—地膜覆盖施肥处理；SM—秸秆覆盖施肥处理。同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)；*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平， ns表示无显著效应。
Note: CK—Neither mulching nor fertilization control; NM—Fertilization without mulching; FM—Fertilization under plastic film mulching; SM—Fertilization under straw mulching. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments at 0.05 level. * and ** mean significant variable effect at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, ns means no significant effect. -
两年内地膜与秸秆覆盖使得春玉米生长发育进程提前，各处理光合特性整体呈现出先升高后降低的趋势，同时干物质累积量均基本遵循S形曲线增长趋势，且在春玉米不同生长阶段存在显著差异(图2)。与NM处理相比，两年内FM与SM处理分别使春玉米生育期提前7和3天。在花前(2021年播种后77天前，2022年播种后75天前)，地表覆盖可提高春玉米光合特性，进而增强叶片光能截获，显著提高春玉米干物质累积量，与SM处理相比，FM处理叶绿素含量与叶面积指数增长速度较快，光能截获一直保持在较高水平，进而显著提高干物质累积量。在花后(2021年播种后77天后，2022年播种后75天后)，地表覆盖处理间光合特性与干物质累积量存在显著差异；与SM处理相比，FM处理叶绿素含量与叶面积指数快速降低，进而显著降低叶片光能截获，FM处理干物质累积量两年内分别显著降低79.22%和16.50%。这说明地膜覆盖处理使得春玉米花后光合特性降低，影响了叶片通过光合作用制造有机物的能力，进而导致花后干物质累积量增长缓慢；相比而言，秸秆覆盖处理花后光合特性一直保持在较高水平，且两年内均达到最高的干物质累积量，说明秸秆覆盖可延缓春玉米花后叶片衰老，增强叶片持绿性，促进花后生长。
图 2 不同处理春玉米叶绿素、叶面积指数、光能日截获及干物质累积量
Figure 2. SPAD, LAI, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation, and dry matter accumulation of spring maize under different treatments
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地表覆盖与年份显著影响春玉米花前花后氮素累积量(图3)，且二因素互作两年内影响均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)，地表覆盖可显著提高春玉米花前氮素累积量。与SM处理相比，FM处理花前氮素累积量2021年显著提高10.64%，2022年无显著差异。地表覆盖对春玉米花后氮素累积量影响存在年际差异，与NM处理相比，FM处理花后氮素累积量2021年显著降低45.41%，2022年显著提高17.47%，而SM处理花后氮素累积量在2021年无显著差异，2022年显著提高26.77%。地表覆盖处理间花后氮素累积量存在显著差异，与FM处理相比，SM处理花后氮素累积量2021年显著提高91.34%，2022年无显著差异，但有升高趋势。
图 3 不同处理春玉米花前花后氮素累积量与地上部吸收量
Figure 3. Nitrogen accumulation and above-ground absorption of spring corn before and after R1 stage under different treatments
地表覆盖与年份显著影响春玉米地上部氮素吸收量(图3)，且二因素互作两年内影响均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。地表覆盖对春玉米地上部氮素吸收量影响存在年际差异，与NM处理相比，FM处理地上部氮素吸收量仅在2022年显著提高21.84%，而SM处理地上部氮素吸收量两年内分别显著提高13.86%和25.54%。地表覆盖处理间地上部氮素吸收量存在显著差异，与FM处理相比，SM处理2021年地上部氮素吸收量显著提高20.42%，籽粒氮素吸收量显著提高27.89%，2022年地上部氮素吸收量无显著差异，籽粒氮素吸收量显著提高9.25%，两年平均提高18.57% (P<0.05)。
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地表覆盖与年份显著影响春玉米氮素转运效率(表2)，且二因素互作两年内影响均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。地表覆盖可显著提高春玉米氮素转运效率，与NM处理相比，FM处理与SM处理两年内平均氮素转移量、氮素转移率与转移氮素贡献率分别显著提高83.86%～84.03%、32.27%～42.86%和39.48%～67.31%。地表覆盖处理间氮素转运效率存在年际差异，2021年由于FM处理倒伏现象(表1)，籽粒中所累积氮素主要来自营养器官的氮素转移，因此FM处理转移氮素贡献率相比SM处理显著提高49.53%；而2022年正常生长条件下，与FM处理相比，SM处理氮素转移量、氮素转移率与转移氮素贡献率分别显著提高26.33%、27.61%和15.72%。
表 2 不同处理春玉米氮素转移量、氮素转移率与转移氮素贡献率
Table 2. N translocation amount, N translocation proportion and contribution of N translocation of spring maize under different treatments
年份
Year处理
Treatment氮素转移量 (N kg/hm2)
N translocation amount氮素转移率 (%)
N translocation proportion转移氮素贡献率 (%)
Contribution of N translocation2021 CK 15.17±2.28 c 45.52±5.31 b 36.55±5.27 c NM 55.11±7.62 b 46.07±6.36 b 30.371±3.97 c FM 115.88±4.19 a 69.57±1.24 a 64.03±3.01 a SM 99.74±12.15 a 66.64±5.71 a 42.82±4.12 b 2022 CK 7.69±2.48 d 24.30±7.30 c 19.21±7.34 b NM 40.82±8.87 c 39.28±6.32 b 27.41±6.07 b FM 60.66±2.57 b 43.33±1.24 b 32.64±0.80 b SM 76.64±1.61 a 55.29±2.12 a 37.77±0.67 a 均值
Mean valueCK 11.43±2.38 c 34.91±6.31 b 27.88±6.31 c NM 47.96±8.25 b 42.67±6.34 b 28.89±5.02 c FM 88.27±3.38 a 56.45±1.24 a 48.34±1.91 a SM 88.19±6.88 a 60.97±3.92 a 40.30±2.40 b 方差分析 ANOVA 地表覆盖 Mulching (M) ** ** ** 年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** M×Y * * * 注：CK—无覆盖不施肥对照；NM—无覆盖施肥处理；FM—地膜覆盖施肥处理；SM—秸秆覆盖施肥处理。同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)；*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平， ns表示无显著效应。
Note: CK—Neither mulching nor fertilization control; NM—Fertilization without mulching; FM—Fertilization under plastic film mulching; SM—Fertilization under straw mulching. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments at 0.05 level. * and ** mean significant variable effect at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, ns means no significant effect. -
地表覆盖与年份显著影响春玉米氮素利用效率(表3)，且二因素互作两年内影响均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。地表覆盖对氮素利用效率的影响存在年际差异，与NM处理相比，FM处理氮肥表观回收率、农学效率与偏生产力仅在2022年分别显著提高31.59%、28.86%和16.18%，而SM处理氮肥表观回收率、农学效率、偏生产力两年内分别显著提高18.48%和36.92%、19.21%和33.86%、12.14%和18.99%，氮收获指数2021年显著提高12.24%，2022年无显著差异。地表覆盖处理间氮素利用效率存在年际差异，与FM处理相比，SM处理氮肥表观回收率、农学效率与偏生产力2021年分别显著提高27.75%、23.45%和14.63%，2022年均无显著差异，但有明显升高趋势。两年平均数据显示，与FM处理相比，SM处理氮肥表观回收率显著提高15.58%。
表 3 不同处理春玉米氮肥表观回收率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力与氮素收获指数
Table 3. N apparent recovery efficiency, N agronomy efficiency, N partial factor productivity and N harvest index of spring maize under different treatments
年份
Year处理
Treatment氮肥表观回收率 (%)
N apparent recovery efficiency氮肥农学效率 (kg/kg)
N agronomy efficiency氮肥偏生产力 (kg/kg)
N partial factor productivity氮素收获指数 (%)
N harvest index2021 CK 65.89±2.49 c NM 84.38±2.25 b 41.07±2.58 b 64.98±0.88 b 71.65±2.27 bc FM 78.26±3.31 b 39.66±1.47 b 63.57±0.56 b 75.71±0.46 ab SM 99.98±3.10 a 48.96±3.71 a 72.87±3.37 a 80.43±2.21 a 2022 CK 66.93±1.29 b NM 62.81±3.18 b 30.43±0.92 b 54.28±0.41 b 73.94±2.46 a FM 82.66±2.64 a 39.22±1.24 a 63.06±0.61 a 74.58±1.32 a SM 86.01±2.30 a 40.74±1.42 a 64.58±1.47 a 79.10±1.39 a 均值
Mean valueCK 66.41±1.89 c NM 73.60±2.72 b 35.75±1.75 b 59.63±0.65 b 72.80±2.37 b FM 80.46±2.98 b 39.44±1.36 ab 63.32±0.59 ab 75.14±0.89 ab SM 92.99±2.7 a 44.85±2.57 a 68.73±2.42 a 79.76±1.80 a 方差分析 ANOVA 覆盖 Mulching (M) ** ** ** ns 年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** M×Y * * * ns 注：CK—无覆盖不施肥对照；NM—无覆盖施肥处理；FM—地膜覆盖施肥处理；SM—秸秆覆盖施肥处理。同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)；*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平， ns表示无显著效应。
Note: CK—Neither mulching nor fertilization control; NM—Fertilization without mulching; FM—Fertilization under plastic film mulching; SM—Fertilization under straw mulching. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level. * and ** mean significant variable effect at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, ns means no significant effect. -
农业生产的最终目标是获得更高的经济效益。本研究中，地表覆盖可降低灌溉支出，两年内春玉米经济效益提高5.09%～18.21%，且影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。其中，SM处理降低了覆盖支出，且两年内取得的经济效益最高(表4)。与FM处理相比，两年内SM处理平均总收入显著提高8.55%，经济效益显著提高12.48%。
表 4 不同处理春玉米经济效益
Table 4. Economic benefit of spring maize under different treatments
年份
Year处理
Treatment总收入
Total income
(yuan/hm2)覆盖支出
Mulching cost
(yuan/hm2)肥料支出
Fertilizer cost
(yuan/hm2)灌溉支出
Irrigation cost
(yuan/hm2)其他支出
Others cost
(yuan/hm2)经济效益
Economic benefit
(yuan/hm2)2021 CK 12374.06±880.36 c 0 0 1400 3638 7336.06±880.36 c NM 33626.55±455.59 b 0 1800 1400 3638 26788.55±45.59 b FM 32897.48±290.16 b 825 1800 1260 3638 25374.48±290.16 b SM 37710.11±1745.81 a 475 1800 1260 3638 30537.11±1745.81 a 2022 CK 12339.55±644.33 c 0 0 1400 3638 7301.55±644.33 c NM 28089.38±210.59 b 0 1800 1400 3638 21251.38±210.59 b FM 32634.45±316.83 a 825 1800 1260 3638 25111.45±316.83 a SM 33422.58±758.99 a 475 1800 1260 3638 26249.58±758.99 a 均值
Mean valueCK 12356.80±261.15 c 0 0 1400 3638 7318.80±261.15 c NM 30857.97±277.53 b 0 1800 1400 3638 24019.97±277.53 b FM 32765.97±301.68 b 825 1800 1260 3638 25242.97±301.68 b SM 35566.35±1251.02 a 475 1800 1260 3638 28393.35±1251.02 a 方差分析 ANOVA 覆盖 Mulching (M) ** ** 年份 Year (Y) ns ns M×Y ns ns 注：CK—无覆盖不施肥对照；NM—无覆盖施肥处理；FM—地膜覆盖施肥处理；SM—秸秆覆盖施肥处理。同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)； **表示变量效应达到0.01显著水平， ns表示无显著效应。
Note: CK—Neither mulching nor fertilization control; NM—Fertilization without mulching; FM—Fertilization under plastic film mulching; SM—Fertilization under straw mulching. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column indicate significantly difference among treatments at 0.05 level. ** mean significant variable effect at 0.01 level, ns means no significant effect. -
地表覆盖措施可改善土壤环境质量，进而影响春玉米生长发育。本研究结果表明，与NM处理相比，FM处理与SM处理使春玉米生育期提前3～7天，同时提高花前叶绿素含量与叶面积指数，促进春玉米冠层在生长前期的建成，增强叶片光能截获能力，进而提高花前干物质与氮素累积量(图2、图3)，这与苟志文等[17]研究结果一致，由于玉米叶片通过光合作用制造有机物，而土壤水分是作物进行光合作用的原料[18−19]，地膜与秸秆覆盖均改善了春玉米花前土壤水热状况，较高的土壤水分与温度加速了种子萌发、根茎叶的组织分化以及生殖生长的启动，提高叶绿素与叶面积指数，有利于花前地上部干物质与氮素累积[20−22]。但本研究进一步发现，与SM处理相比，FM处理花后叶绿素含量、叶面积指数与干物质累积量两年内均出现明显降低趋势(图2)，进而导致花后氮素累积量下降(图3)，原因可能是地膜覆盖使得土壤温度显著升高，夏季地温过高会导致春玉米花后根系及叶片提前衰老，不利于花后地上部通过光合作用制造有机物，影响花后干物质与氮素累积，进而影响产量形成[23]；相比于地膜覆盖，秸秆覆盖对土壤温度主要表现为调节作用，气温较高时会表现出降温效应，为春玉米提供了良好的根系生理活动温度[24]。
春玉米花后氮素累积量与地上部不同器官氮素吸收量密切相关，而地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖均可促进春玉米地上部氮素吸收，提高花后氮素累积量[25]。本研究结果表明，与SM处理相比，FM处理花后氮素累积量2021年显著降低91.34% (图3)，但2022年无显著差异，造成地膜覆盖花后氮素累积量存在年际差异的原因是2021年花后出现持续高温与强风天气，气温过高使地膜覆盖下土壤温度过高，玉米根系与叶片早衰[26]，强风天气使得地下部难以支撑地上部干物质量的不断累积，进而造成春玉米大面积倒伏现象，植株倒伏率超过70% (表1)，严重影响了花后地上部氮素累积，导致当年地膜覆盖处理产量相比于无覆盖处理有所下降。本研究进一步发现，与FM处理相比，两年内SM处理均促进了春玉米地上部氮素吸收(图3)，这主要是因为秸秆中含有玉米生长所必需的碳、氮、磷、钾等营养元素，可有效改善土壤理化性质和生物学性状，秸秆覆盖措施可提高土壤耕层有机碳的积累，有效调节土壤碳氮比，平衡土壤肥力[27]，同时，覆盖秸秆进入土壤后，增加了微生物数量和活性，促进了秸秆的降解以及对氮素的固持，进而促进了玉米氮素吸收[28]。
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籽粒氮素累积量是由花前累积氮素的转移和花后氮素吸收累积共同作用的结果，提高氮素转运效率对增产具有重要意义[29−30]，地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖均可提高春玉米氮素转运效率[31]。本研究结果表明，与NM处理相比，两年内FM处理与SM处理均提高了春玉米氮素转移量与氮素转移率(表2)。从转移氮素对籽粒的贡献率来看，与NM处理相比，FM处理仅在2021年显著提高110.84%，而SM处理两年分别显著提高41.00%和37.80%，两年平均数据显示，FM与SM处理转移氮素贡献率分别达到48.34%和40.30% (表2)。张经廷等[32]研究认为，玉米花前营养器官氮素转移对籽粒氮素的贡献率为42%～62%，然而，因为地表覆盖措施会影响花前营养器官氮素转运对籽粒氮素累积贡献率，而且受气候特征、土壤类型、栽培品种的作用表现出一定差异。两种地表覆盖处理相比较，FM处理转移氮素贡献率在2021年高于SM处理(表2)，这主要因为2021年地膜覆盖处理倒伏现象导致籽粒氮素累积主要来自营养器官的氮素转移，氮素转移量升高，进而提高了当年转移氮素对籽粒的贡献率[33]，而在2022年正常生长情况下，SM处理转移氮素对籽粒的贡献率显著高于FM处理。
覆盖是实现春玉米氮肥高效的重要途径，已有研究表明，地表覆盖可显著提高春玉米氮肥表观回收率与农学效率，实现增产增收[34−35]，前人的研究结果在本研究中也得到验证。本研究进一步发现，与FM处理相比，SM处理氮肥表观回收率与农学效率2021年分别显著提高27.75%和23.45%，同时氮肥偏生产力显著提高14.63%，2022年无显著差异(表3)，造成这种年际差异的原因是2021年出现的倒伏现象严重影响了玉米对土壤氮素的吸收，导致FM处理地上部氮素累积量下降，氮肥回收效率显著降低。两年平均数据显示，与FM处理相比，SM处理氮肥表观回收率显著提高15.58%，氮肥农学效率、偏生产力以及氮肥收获指数均无显著差异，但也存在明显升高趋势(表3)。分析其原因，秸秆覆盖措施对土壤的调温作用为玉米花后生长提供了良好的土壤环境，土壤水热条件的改善可促进春玉米花后根系氮素吸收[36]，同时加速了土壤碳循环，从而使得更多有机质矿化分解，产生较多的土壤氮素供玉米生长，进而提高氮肥利用率[37]。
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前人研究表明，在半干旱地区，地表覆盖因改善了土壤水热状况，促进了种子萌发、幼苗的建立和冠层的扩展，并在相同辐射强度下维持较高的光合作用速率，从而促进干物质累积与氮素吸收、转移及利用，最终提高了春玉米产量[38−39]。本研究也得到相同结果，与NM处理相比，FM处理与SM处理两年内平均增产6.18%～15.26% (表1)。然而，植株倒伏对产量的影响较大，FM处理受倒伏影响使其增产效果出现明显年际差异，原因可能是地膜覆盖对土壤水热条件的改变，使得玉米根系主要集中在浅层土壤[40]，同时，花后的持续高温天气导致膜下土壤温度升高，从而导致玉米根系早衰，生长后期过浅且衰老的根系使得地上部植株易受到强风天气影响而发生倒伏[41]。相比而言，SM处理两年内倒伏率较低，同时增产效果相对稳定，因此实现了较高的经济效益。经济效益的提高对于我国农业生产至关重要，故应从支出成本和产量、生态效益等角度综合考虑，推荐更为优质的农田作物栽培措施[42]。本研究对连续2年试验数据进行经济效益分析表明，地表覆盖两年内实现了5.09%～18.21%的经济效益增幅(表4)，与FM处理相比，SM处理两年平均增产8.55% (表1)，且SM处理节约了一定的支出成本，两年内取得的经济效益最高(表4)。同时，秸秆属于可再生资源，不仅可以为土壤提供额外氮素来源[43]，还可以避免地膜覆盖对农田生态环境造成的微塑料污染[44]，有利于粮食生产安全与农业可持续发展，因此秸秆覆盖措施适宜在黄土高原东部河谷平原地区大范围推广应用。
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秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖均可提高春玉米氮肥利用效率，实现增产，进而提高经济效益。地膜覆盖促进春玉米花前生长发育，显著提高花前干物质与氮素累积量，但因气候条件限制易使春玉米早衰，植株存在倒伏风险，影响产量形成，而秸秆覆盖可以更好的协调春玉米花前花后生长，促进春玉米对氮肥的利用，产量与经济效益增幅更高，同时可避免环境污染。因此秸秆覆盖可以作为黄土高原东部河谷平原春玉米生产系统中一种水肥高效可持续利用的有效管理措施。
地膜和秸秆覆盖提高春玉米产量与氮肥利用效率
Plastic film and straw mulching improve yield and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize
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摘要:
【目的】 黄土高原东部河谷平原春玉米生产系统中水肥利用效率低下，为此我们研究了不同地表覆盖措施对春玉米产量、氮素转运与利用效率以及经济效益的影响，为该地区春玉米高产高效提供科学管理措施。 【方法】 本研究基于山西省晋中市山西农业大学东阳试验示范基地的春玉米长期定位试验(该试验始于2014年)，选取无覆盖施肥(NM)、地膜覆盖施肥(FM)、秸秆覆盖施肥(SM)及无覆盖不施肥(CK)4个处理，分析2021至2022年连续两年的春玉米不同生长阶段光合特性与干物质累积量的动态变化，调查春玉米产量、氮素吸收量、氮素转运效率、氮肥利用效率以及经济效益。 【结果】 与NM处理相比，FM处理虽能提高春玉米花前叶绿素含量、叶面积指数及有效光能截获，但花后叶绿素含量与叶面积指数显著降低，光能截获能力减弱，2021年倒伏率超过70%，花后地上部氮素累积量显著降低45.41%，影响产量形成；而SM处理既能提高春玉米花前叶绿素含量、叶面积指数及有效光能截获，促进花前干物质与氮素累积，又可使花后光合特性维持在较高水平，促进地上部氮素吸收，提高氮肥利用效率。与NM处理相比，FM与SM处理两年平均增产6.18%～15.26%；FM处理2022年地上部氮素吸收量、氮肥表观回收率、农学效率与偏生产力分别显著提高21.84%、31.59%、28.86%和16.18%，在2021年差异不显著；而SM处理2021与2022年均有显著提高，增幅分别为13.86%和25.54%、18.48%和36.92%、19.21%和33.86%、12.14%和18.99%。与FM处理相比，SM处理2021与2022年籽粒氮素吸收量分别显著提高27.89%和9.25%，两年平均籽粒氮素吸收量与氮肥表观回收率分别显著提高18.57%和15.58%，产量与经济效益分别显著提高8.55%和12.48%。 【结论】 相比于地膜覆盖，秸秆覆盖可以更好地协调春玉米花前花后生长，降低植株倒伏风险，提高产量、氮肥利用效率以及经济效益。秸秆覆盖还可为土壤提供额外氮素来源，避免地膜对农田生态环境造成的微塑料污染，因此，更适宜作为黄土高原东部河谷平原春玉米生产系统中水肥高效可持续利用的技术措施。 Abstract:【Objectives】 Water and fertilizer use efficiencies of spring maize production system are low in the valley plains of eastern Loess Plateau. For this reason, we studied the effects of different surface mulching measures on yield, nitrogen translocation efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit of spring maize, in order to provide scientific management measures for high yield and high efficiency of spring maize production in this region. 【Methods】 The study was based on a long-term experiment started in 2014 in the Dongyang Experimental Demonstration Base of Shanxi Agricultural University in Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, with the tested maize cultivar ‘Dafeng 30’. Four treatments included fertilization without mulching (NM), with plastic film mulching (FM), and with straw mulching (SM), and control without mulching and fertilization (CK). In 2021 and 2022, the photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation of spring maize were measured at different growth stages, and the grain yield, and economic benefit were investigated at harvest. 【Results】 Compared to NM treatment, FM treatment improved the chlorophyll content, leaf area index, and effective light interception of spring maize at pre-silking periods, but significantly reduced those at the post-silking periods. Lodging rate was recorded more than 70% in FM treatment in 2021, 45.41% lower shoot N accumulation at post-silking periods, impacting the yield formation. SM treatment improved the chlorophyll content, leaf area index, and effective light interception across the growing period of maize, thus increased the dry matter and N accumulation at pre-silking periods, and increased the N uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of maize. Compared with NM treatment, FM and SM treatment increased grain yield by 6.18%−15.26%; FM treatment significantly increased the shoot N uptake, N recovery efficiency, agronomy efficiency and partial factor productivity by 21.84%, 31.59%, 28.86%, and 16.18% in 2022; SM treatment increased the shoot N uptake, N recovery efficiency, agronomy efficiency and partial factor productivity by 13.86%, 18.48%, 19.21% and 12.14% in 2021, and 25.54%, 36.92%, 33.86% and 18.99% in 2022, respectively. Compared with FM, SM treatment increased grain N uptake by 27.89% and 9.25% in 2021 and 2022, the grain N uptake and N recovery efficiency by 18.57% and 15.58%, and increased yield and economic benefit by 8.55% and 12.48%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Straw mulching is better than plastic film mulching in coordinate the growth of pre- and post-silking stage, decreasing lodging rate, and improving nitrogen use efficiency, so resulting in higher yield and economic benefit of spring maize. In addition, straw can provide additional nitrogen for soil, and has no risk of micro-plastics pollution. Therefore, straw mulching should be used to replace plastic film for the efficient utilization of water and fertilizer in the spring maize production in the valley plain of eastern Loess Plateau. -
Key words:
- spring maize /
- plastic film mulching /
- straw mulching /
- yield /
- nitrogen use efficiency /
- economic benefit
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图 1 2021至2022年试验区气象数据
Figure 1. Meteorological data of experiment area in 2021 to 2022
图 2 不同处理春玉米叶绿素、叶面积指数、光能日截获及干物质累积量
Figure 2. SPAD, LAI, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation, and dry matter accumulation of spring maize under different treatments
图 3 不同处理春玉米花前花后氮素累积量与地上部吸收量
Figure 3. Nitrogen accumulation and above-ground absorption of spring corn before and after R1 stage under different treatments
表 1 不同处理春玉米倒伏率、产量及其构成因素与收获指数
Table 1. Lodging percentage, yield, yield component and harvest index of spring maize under different treatments
年份
Year处理
Treatment倒伏率 (%)
Lodging percentage产量 (t/hm2)
Grain yield穗粒数
Kernels per ear百粒重 (g, DW)
100-grain weight收获指数 (%)
Harvest index2021 CK 5.27±1.62 b 5.38±0.38 c 302.67±20.72 b 20.76±0.45 c 49.42±5.65 b NM 3.31±0.58 b 14.62±0.20 b 631.33±10.51 a 26.81±0.65 b 54.87±0.66 ab FM 72.14±1.46 a 14.30±0.13 b 614.44±13.51 a 26.43±1.39 b 60.79±1.62 a SM 4.04±0.79 b 16.40±0.76 a 649.56±18.98 a 30.59±0.18 a 59.07±0.63 ab 2022 CK 1.49±0.34 a 5.37±0.28 c 301.43±18.49 b 20.42±0.84 c 45.97±2.21 b NM 1.27±1.36 a 12.21±0.09 b 621.44±25.92 a 25.98±0.36 b 51.38±1.63 b FM 2.03±0.82 a 14.19±0.14 a 638.52±12.47 a 28.03±0.13 a 59.59±0.49 a SM 1.76±0.53 a 14.53±0.33 a 642.16±20.05 a 30.45±0.22 a 58.63±2.22 a 均值
Mean valueCK 5.37±0.11 c 302.05±10.07 b 20.59±0.65 c 47.70±2.05 c NM 13.42±0.12 b 626.39±18.69 a 26.40±0.51 b 53.13±0.97 b FM 14.25±0.13 b 626.48±12.43 a 27.23±1.21 b 60.19±0.81 a SM 15.46±0.54 a 645.86±15.12 a 31.02±0.20 a 58.85±0.95 a 方差分析 ANOVA 地表覆盖 Mulching (M) ** ** ns ** ** 年份 Year (Y) ** ns ns ns ns M×Y * ns ns ns ns 注：CK—无覆盖不施肥对照；NM—无覆盖施肥处理；FM—地膜覆盖施肥处理；SM—秸秆覆盖施肥处理。同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)；*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平， ns表示无显著效应。
Note: CK—Neither mulching nor fertilization control; NM—Fertilization without mulching; FM—Fertilization under plastic film mulching; SM—Fertilization under straw mulching. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments at 0.05 level. * and ** mean significant variable effect at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, ns means no significant effect.
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表 2 不同处理春玉米氮素转移量、氮素转移率与转移氮素贡献率
Table 2. N translocation amount, N translocation proportion and contribution of N translocation of spring maize under different treatments
年份
Year处理
Treatment氮素转移量 (N kg/hm2)
N translocation amount氮素转移率 (%)
N translocation proportion转移氮素贡献率 (%)
Contribution of N translocation2021 CK 15.17±2.28 c 45.52±5.31 b 36.55±5.27 c NM 55.11±7.62 b 46.07±6.36 b 30.371±3.97 c FM 115.88±4.19 a 69.57±1.24 a 64.03±3.01 a SM 99.74±12.15 a 66.64±5.71 a 42.82±4.12 b 2022 CK 7.69±2.48 d 24.30±7.30 c 19.21±7.34 b NM 40.82±8.87 c 39.28±6.32 b 27.41±6.07 b FM 60.66±2.57 b 43.33±1.24 b 32.64±0.80 b SM 76.64±1.61 a 55.29±2.12 a 37.77±0.67 a 均值
Mean valueCK 11.43±2.38 c 34.91±6.31 b 27.88±6.31 c NM 47.96±8.25 b 42.67±6.34 b 28.89±5.02 c FM 88.27±3.38 a 56.45±1.24 a 48.34±1.91 a SM 88.19±6.88 a 60.97±3.92 a 40.30±2.40 b 方差分析 ANOVA 地表覆盖 Mulching (M) ** ** ** 年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** M×Y * * * 注：CK—无覆盖不施肥对照；NM—无覆盖施肥处理；FM—地膜覆盖施肥处理；SM—秸秆覆盖施肥处理。同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)；*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平， ns表示无显著效应。
Note: CK—Neither mulching nor fertilization control; NM—Fertilization without mulching; FM—Fertilization under plastic film mulching; SM—Fertilization under straw mulching. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column indicate significant difference among treatments at 0.05 level. * and ** mean significant variable effect at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, ns means no significant effect.
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表 3 不同处理春玉米氮肥表观回收率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力与氮素收获指数
Table 3. N apparent recovery efficiency, N agronomy efficiency, N partial factor productivity and N harvest index of spring maize under different treatments
年份
Year处理
Treatment氮肥表观回收率 (%)
N apparent recovery efficiency氮肥农学效率 (kg/kg)
N agronomy efficiency氮肥偏生产力 (kg/kg)
N partial factor productivity氮素收获指数 (%)
N harvest index2021 CK 65.89±2.49 c NM 84.38±2.25 b 41.07±2.58 b 64.98±0.88 b 71.65±2.27 bc FM 78.26±3.31 b 39.66±1.47 b 63.57±0.56 b 75.71±0.46 ab SM 99.98±3.10 a 48.96±3.71 a 72.87±3.37 a 80.43±2.21 a 2022 CK 66.93±1.29 b NM 62.81±3.18 b 30.43±0.92 b 54.28±0.41 b 73.94±2.46 a FM 82.66±2.64 a 39.22±1.24 a 63.06±0.61 a 74.58±1.32 a SM 86.01±2.30 a 40.74±1.42 a 64.58±1.47 a 79.10±1.39 a 均值
Mean valueCK 66.41±1.89 c NM 73.60±2.72 b 35.75±1.75 b 59.63±0.65 b 72.80±2.37 b FM 80.46±2.98 b 39.44±1.36 ab 63.32±0.59 ab 75.14±0.89 ab SM 92.99±2.7 a 44.85±2.57 a 68.73±2.42 a 79.76±1.80 a 方差分析 ANOVA 覆盖 Mulching (M) ** ** ** ns 年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** M×Y * * * ns 注：CK—无覆盖不施肥对照；NM—无覆盖施肥处理；FM—地膜覆盖施肥处理；SM—秸秆覆盖施肥处理。同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)；*、**分别表示变量效应达到0.05、0.01显著水平， ns表示无显著效应。
Note: CK—Neither mulching nor fertilization control; NM—Fertilization without mulching; FM—Fertilization under plastic film mulching; SM—Fertilization under straw mulching. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level. * and ** mean significant variable effect at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, ns means no significant effect.
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表 4 不同处理春玉米经济效益
Table 4. Economic benefit of spring maize under different treatments
年份
Year处理
Treatment总收入
Total income
(yuan/hm2)覆盖支出
Mulching cost
(yuan/hm2)肥料支出
Fertilizer cost
(yuan/hm2)灌溉支出
Irrigation cost
(yuan/hm2)其他支出
Others cost
(yuan/hm2)经济效益
Economic benefit
(yuan/hm2)2021 CK 12374.06±880.36 c 0 0 1400 3638 7336.06±880.36 c NM 33626.55±455.59 b 0 1800 1400 3638 26788.55±45.59 b FM 32897.48±290.16 b 825 1800 1260 3638 25374.48±290.16 b SM 37710.11±1745.81 a 475 1800 1260 3638 30537.11±1745.81 a 2022 CK 12339.55±644.33 c 0 0 1400 3638 7301.55±644.33 c NM 28089.38±210.59 b 0 1800 1400 3638 21251.38±210.59 b FM 32634.45±316.83 a 825 1800 1260 3638 25111.45±316.83 a SM 33422.58±758.99 a 475 1800 1260 3638 26249.58±758.99 a 均值
Mean valueCK 12356.80±261.15 c 0 0 1400 3638 7318.80±261.15 c NM 30857.97±277.53 b 0 1800 1400 3638 24019.97±277.53 b FM 32765.97±301.68 b 825 1800 1260 3638 25242.97±301.68 b SM 35566.35±1251.02 a 475 1800 1260 3638 28393.35±1251.02 a 方差分析 ANOVA 覆盖 Mulching (M) ** ** 年份 Year (Y) ns ns M×Y ns ns 注：CK—无覆盖不施肥对照；NM—无覆盖施肥处理；FM—地膜覆盖施肥处理；SM—秸秆覆盖施肥处理。同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)； **表示变量效应达到0.01显著水平， ns表示无显著效应。
Note: CK—Neither mulching nor fertilization control; NM—Fertilization without mulching; FM—Fertilization under plastic film mulching; SM—Fertilization under straw mulching. Different lowercase letters after data in the same column indicate significantly difference among treatments at 0.05 level. ** mean significant variable effect at 0.01 level, ns means no significant effect.
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