• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
张微微, 周怀平, 黄绍敏, 杨军, 刘树堂, 马俊永, 张淑香. 长期不同施肥模式下碱性土有效磷对磷盈亏的响应[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2021, 27(2): 263-274. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.20325
引用本文: 张微微, 周怀平, 黄绍敏, 杨军, 刘树堂, 马俊永, 张淑香. 长期不同施肥模式下碱性土有效磷对磷盈亏的响应[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2021, 27(2): 263-274. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.20325
ZHANG Wei-wei, ZHOU Huai-ping, HUANG Shao-min, YANG Jun, LIU Shu-tang, MA Jun-yong, ZHANG Shu-xiang. Response of alkaline soil Olsen-P to phosphorous budget under different long-term fertilization treatments[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2021, 27(2): 263-274. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.20325
Citation: ZHANG Wei-wei, ZHOU Huai-ping, HUANG Shao-min, YANG Jun, LIU Shu-tang, MA Jun-yong, ZHANG Shu-xiang. Response of alkaline soil Olsen-P to phosphorous budget under different long-term fertilization treatments[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2021, 27(2): 263-274. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.20325

长期不同施肥模式下碱性土有效磷对磷盈亏的响应

Response of alkaline soil Olsen-P to phosphorous budget under different long-term fertilization treatments

  • 摘要:
    目的  磷素易于在土壤中固定,碱性土壤更甚,影响着磷肥的肥效和利用效率。研究长期施用磷肥对我国北方碱性土有效磷与磷盈亏的影响,为碱性土地区合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。
    方法  本研究是基于河北、北京、山东、天津、河南和山西的6个冬小麦‒夏玉米轮作长期定位施肥试验,试验周期为1991—2011年。所有定位施肥试验均设有不施磷肥 (P0)、单施化学磷肥 (P)、化肥配施秸秆 (P+S)、单施有机肥 (M)、化肥配施有机肥 (P+M) 5个处理,施磷方式和施磷量不同。分析了土壤有效磷、作物产量、有机质、pH随时间的变化特征,计算了土壤有效磷含量与作物产量、土壤磷盈亏、磷肥利用率的关系,用冗余分析得出每100 kg/hm2磷盈余下土壤有效磷变量 (有效磷效率) 的主要影响因素。
    结果  P0处理土壤磷亏缺为‒357.73~‒28.21 kg/hm2,有效磷含量随种植时间延长下降,下降速率为0.14 mg/(kg·year),此处理下作物产量较低,小麦低于 2000 kg/hm2,玉米低于4000 kg/hm2。4个施磷肥处理 (P, P+S, M, P+M) 土壤磷表现为盈余,21年连续施肥磷总盈余为23.65~860.93 kg/hm2,磷盈余量顺序为P+M > P > P+S > M。土壤有效磷含量随种植时间延长上升,年平均上升速率为 P+M 4.85 mg/(kg·year) > M 1.87 mg/(kg·year) > P+S 0.65 mg/(kg·year) > P 0.63 mg/(kg·year)。施用磷肥的小麦产量为3399~7880 kg/hm2,4个施磷肥处理间差异不明显;玉米产量为 4186~9176 kg/hm2,以P+M处理玉米产量最高,P处理最低。土壤有效磷含量与作物产量的关系可以用Mitscherlich方程模拟 (P < 0.01),小麦和玉米产量随土壤有效磷含量升高而增加,在土壤有效磷含量分别达到22.47和20.68 mg/kg后不再增加。小麦P+S处理的磷肥利用率最高,21年均值为16.17%;玉米以M处理的磷肥利用率最高,21年均值为16.45%。小麦和玉米磷肥利用率均随土壤有效磷含量的升高而上升,以P+S处理上升最快,P+M处理上升最慢。5个处理土壤有效磷含量与磷盈亏均呈现极显著 (P < 0.01) 正相关关系。土壤每亏缺P 100 kg/hm2,土壤有效磷下降0.90 mg/kg;每盈余P 100 kg/hm2,土壤有效磷含量的增量为M (22.10 mg/kg) > P+M (10.60 mg/kg) > P+S (3.90 mg/kg) >P (2.60 mg/kg)。通过冗余分析发现,土壤有机质能解释土壤有效磷效率变异的85.0%,是土壤有效磷效率的主要影响因素。
    结论  碱性土壤上小麦和玉米的磷肥利用率随土壤有效磷含量的增加而提高,长期化肥配施秸秆提高作物磷肥利用率的效果最佳。土壤有机质是提升土壤累积磷有效性的最主要因素,因此,长期单施有机肥或者化肥配施有机肥的土壤有效磷效率较高。长期化肥配施有机肥的潮土有效磷含量较高,容易造成磷在土壤中的淋洗和固定,需减少磷肥总施用量并适当提高有机肥的比例,从而达到农学效益和环境效益的双赢。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives  Phosphorous is easily immobilized in soil, especially in alkaline soil, which is one of the main reasons for the low phosphorous efficiency in crop production. This paper studied the response of soil Olsen-P contents and the P budget under different long-term P fertilization treatments in the alkaline soils of Northern China.
    Methods  The data used in this research were from the long-term experiments located in Hebei, Beijing, Shandong, Tianjin, Henan and Shanxi. All the six experiments were conducted from 1991 to 2011 under winter wheat-summer maize rotation, and in soils of pH > 7. The selected treatments included no P input control (P0), chemical P fertilizer (P), chemical P and straw (P+S), pure manure (M), chemical P and manure (P+M). The crop yield was recorded, and soil Olsen-P and organic matter (SOM) contents were determined. The soil P budget was calculated, the relationships of soil Olsen-P with crop yield and soil P budget, and the P use efficiency (PUE) were calculated. The main factors influencing soil Olsen-P efficiency were discussed.
    Results  Without P input (P0), the annual soil P was in deficit of −357.73–−28.21 kg/hm2, and the soil Olsen-P content kept decreasing with experimental years in rate of 0.14 mg/(kg·year); the crop yields were low, with wheat yield lower than 2000 kg/hm2 and maize yield lower than 4000 kg/hm2. Under the four P fertilization treatments, the soil P were in a surplus of 23.65–860.93 kg/hm2, with the surplus amount in order of P+M > P > P+S > M. The soil Olsen-P content increased with experimental years and the annual increase range was in order of P+M 4.85 mg/(kg·year) > M 1.87 mg/(kg·year) > P+S 0.65 mg/(kg·year) > P 0.63 mg/(kg·year). The wheat yield was in a range of 3399–7880 kg/hm2, and there was no obvious difference among the four treatments. The maize yield was in a range of 4186–9176 kg/hm2, which was highest under P+M and lowest under P. The wheat and maize yields kept increasing until the soil Olsen-P reached 22.47 mg/kg for wheat and 20.68 mg/kg for maize. The P use efficiency (PUE) of wheat was the highest under P+S treatment (16.17%), and that of maize was the highest under M treatment (16.45%). With the increase of soil Olsen-P, the PUE of wheat and maize improved, with the fastest rise under P+S treatment and slowest under P+M treatment. The soil Olsen-P had an extremely and positively significant (P < 0.01) relationship with soil P budget. With every 100 kg/hm2 of P deficit, the soil Olsen-P decreased by 0.90 mg/kg. And with every 100 kg/hm2 of P surplus, the soil Olsen-P increased by 22.10 mg/kg in M, 10.60 mg/kg in P+M, 3.90 mg/kg in P+S and 2.60 mg/kg in P fertilization treatment. Analyzed by RDA method, soil organic matter (SOM) was the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P efficiency, and could explain 85.0% of soil Olsen-P efficiency variance.
    Conclusions  With the increase of Olsen-P in soil, the PUE of wheat and maize improved, and there was a striking increase of PUE under P+S. Long-term application of M or P+M has effectively increased the efficiency of soil Olsen-P as the increment of SOM. But under P+M, the P use efficiency was low, and the soil P was easily to be leached or immobilized. So, the total rate of P under P+M should be reduced, and the proportion of organic fertilizer should be increased, so as to maximize both agronomic and environmental benefits.

     

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