氮肥后移满足绿洲灌区全膜覆盖玉米的氮素需求

苟志文; 胡发龙; 赵财; 于爱忠; 樊志龙; 殷文; 柴强

doi:10.11674/zwyf.17358

氮肥后移满足绿洲灌区全膜覆盖玉米的氮素需求

Postponed topdressing of nitrogen fertilizers to meet nitrogen requirement of maize under full plastic film mulching in Oasis Irrigation Region

摘要

摘要:
目的在水热资源有限区，地膜覆盖使得玉米对氮素的需求前移，容易造成后期脱肥。本研究在河西绿洲灌区通过田间试验，探讨氮肥后移对全膜覆盖玉米产量、氮素积累特征和氮肥利用率的影响，以期为优化地膜覆盖栽培玉米的施氮制度提供理论依据。
方法试验为单因素试验，在施氮量450 kg/hm²水平下，基肥和大喇叭口期追肥分别占总施氮量的20%和40%，其余40%的氮追施时期和比例分为3个处理：N1 (拔节肥10% + 花粒肥30%)，N2(拔节肥20% + 花粒肥20%)，N3 (传统方式，拔节肥30% + 花粒肥10%)，此外，还设定了不施氮肥空白对照。调查了玉米氮素积累动态及氮素利用状况。
结果氮肥后移对玉米生育前期植株氮素的积累影响不显著，但能显著提高生育后期的氮素积累量。与N3相比，N1处理玉米植株氮素积累量在成熟期提高10.0%，籽粒吸氮量提高44.6%；氮肥后移对玉米籽粒产量和收获指数均有显著影响，N1处理籽粒产量较N3提高15.8%，收获指数提高12.2%，N2处理的籽粒产量与收获指数与N3处理差异不显著。N1处理的玉米氮素收获指数较N3处理提高31.0%，氮肥利用率 (NUE)、氮肥农学效率 (NAE) 和氮肥生理利用率 (NPE) 分别提高15.1%、79.4%和55.7%，N2处理与N3处理间则无显著差异。
结论在总施氮量为450 kg/hm²的水平下，玉米拔节期追施45 kg/hm²、大喇叭口期追施180 kg/hm²、花后10 d追施135 kg/hm²氮肥，可有效提高地膜覆盖玉米的氮素供需吻合度，增加玉米生育后期氮素积累量，提高产量、氮素收获指数和氮肥利用率，是河西绿洲灌区实现玉米增产和提高氮肥利用率的一项有效措施。

Abstract:
Objectives In area of water and heat resource shortage, plastic film mulching has been widely used in the production of maize, however, it usually causes an advanced N requirement and leads to the insufficient supply of N at late growth stages of maize. In this study, the postponed ratio of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was studied, to provide reference for the optimization of N-fertilizer management in maize production under the full plastic film mulching.
Methods A field experiment was carried out in Hexi Oasis Irrigation region. All the treatments received the same rate of total N of 450 kg/hm², of which 20% was basally applied, 40% top-dressed at pre-tasseling stage, and the allocation ratios of the left 40% at jointing and post-flowering stages were setup as treatments, N1 (10% and 30%), N2 (20% and 20%), N3 (traditional practice, 30% and 10%), the treatment without N application was setup as control. Accordingly, the dynamic of N accumulation and nitrogen use status of maize were investigated.
Results The postponed application of N-fertilizer had no significant influence on N accumulation at early growth stages, while significantly improved the cumulative uptake of N at the late growth stages of maize. Compared with N3, the N accumulation in maize plants and grains under N₁ treatment was increased by 10.0% and 44.6%, respectively, and the grain yield and harvest index of maize were increased by 15.8% and 12.2%; there was no significant difference between those indexes under N2 treatment and those under N3. Compared with N3, the nitrogen harvest index, NUE, NAE and NPE of maize under N1 were increased by 31.0%, 15.1%, 79.4% and 55.7%, respectively; whereas those under N2 were not significantly increased. Consequently, the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize under the treatment with N 90 kg/hm² postponed application were greatly improved.
Conclusions For the total N input of 450 kg/hm², topdressing N at jointing, pre-tasseling and post-flowering stages of N 45 kg/hm², 180 kg/hm² and 135 kg/hm² could effectively matching the supply and demand of maize to nitrogen during the whole growth cycle, which significantly increases the N accumulation and nitrogen harvest index of maize. Therefore, the allocation ratio should be considered as a favorable agronomic practice for enhancing grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize in Oasis Irrigation Region.

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