不同降水年型下小麦产量、品质及水分利用效率对有机无机肥配施的响应

张晶; 党建友; 张定一; 裴雪霞; 王姣爱; 程麦凤; 闫翠萍

doi:10.11674/zwyf.19525

不同降水年型下小麦产量、品质及水分利用效率对有机无机肥配施的响应

Response of yield, quality and water use efficiency of wheat to different combinations of organic manures and chemical fertilizers under different yearly precipitations

摘要

摘要:
目的研究不同有机肥与不同量氮、磷化肥配施对旱地小麦产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响，以确定适用于山西南部丘陵雨养旱地小麦不同降水年型的有机肥和化肥配施方案。
方法 2013—2016年在山西临汾开展田间试验，共设5个处理：羊粪 22.5 t/hm²+ N 150 kg/hm²+ P₂O₅105 kg/hm² (M_sN₁₅₀P₁₀₅)、猪粪 22.5 t/hm²+ N 150 kg/hm²+ P₂O₅105 kg/hm² (M_PN₁₅₀P₁₀₅)、羊粪 22.5 t/hm²+ N 105 kg/hm²+ P₂O₅75 kg/hm²(M_sN₁₀₅P₇₅)、猪粪22.5 t/hm²+ N105 kg/hm²+ P₂O₅75 kg/hm² (M_PN₁₀₅P₇₅)，以不施肥为对照 (CK)，采用随机区组设计。其中，2013—2014年、2014—2015年为丰水年份，2015—2016年为干旱年份。以强筋小麦‘晋麦92号’为供试品种。在收获后，测定各处理小麦产量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团稳定时间和形成时间。并根据播种前和收获后土壤200 cm土层蓄水量和年降水量，计算水分利用效率(WUE)。
结果降水年型、有机肥与氮磷配施及二者交互作用均对小麦产量及水分利用效率具有极显著的影响。丰水年羊粪、猪粪与氮磷配施增产显著，增产幅度为6.14%～18.45%，其中M_sN₁₅₀P₁₀₅、M_pN₁₀₅P₇₅处理增产幅度较大；干旱年猪粪与氮磷配施增产效果显著，增产幅度达14.18%～19.15%，羊粪与氮磷配施增产效果不明显；猪粪与氮磷配施增产效应表现为干旱年大于丰水年。干旱年水分利用效率低于丰水年，猪粪与氮磷配施在丰水年、干旱年的水分利用效率较对照提高7.68%～15.76%。与对照相比，两种降水年型下猪粪、羊粪与氮磷配施处理小麦的湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团稳定时间和形成时间均提高或延长。
结论山西南部丘陵雨养旱地小麦，丰水年施用羊粪 22.5 t/hm²，配施N 150 kg/hm²和 P₂O₅ 105 kg/hm²增产提质效应最好；丰水年或干旱年施用猪粪 22.5 t/hm²，配施 N 105 kg/hm²和P₂O₅ 75 kg/hm²均表现出显著的增产提质效果，且干旱年效果更好。因此，从增产提质与化肥减施综合分析，山西南部丘陵雨养旱地小麦施用猪粪22.5 t/hm²，配施 N 105 kg/hm²和 P₂O₅ 75 kg/hm²是高产稳产提质增效的最佳有机无机肥配施模式。

Abstract:
Objectives The influences of manure and chemical fertilizer combinations on the grain yield, quality and water use efficiency (WUE) of rain-fed wheat were studied to provide efficient combinations suitable for different rainfall years in the hilly rain-fed area of southern Shanxi Province.
Methods The field experiments were carried out in Linfen, Shanxi Province from 2013 to 2016 with the following treatments: sheep manure 22.5 t/hm² with N 150 kg/hm² and P₂O₅105 kg/hm² (M_sN₁₅₀P₁₀₅), pig manure 22.5 t/hm² with N 150 kg/hm² and P₂O₅105 kg/hm² (M_pN₁₅₀P₁₀₅), sheep manure 22.5 t/hm² with N 105 kg/hm² and P₂O₅ 75 kg/hm² (M_sN₁₀₅P₇₅), pig manure 22.5 t/hm² with N 105 kg/hm² and P₂O₅ 75 kg/hm² (M_pN₁₀₅P₇₅) and blank control (CK). A high gluten winter wheat cultivar of ‘Jinmai 92’ was employed as the testing materials. The grain yield was recorded, and the wet gluten content, sediment value, stability time and development time of wheat flour were determined. The water storage within 200 cm depth of soil was measured before sowing and after harvesting, and the water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated according to the soil water storage and annual precipitation.
Results The precipitation, manure type, chemical fertilizer application rate and their interactions significantly affected the grain yield and WUE of wheat. The distribution of precipitation also affected the grain yield in rainy year. In the rainy years, all the combination treatments increased the grain yields significantly, with an increasing range of 6.14%–18.45%, and the higher increments were in treatments of M_sN₁₅₀P₁₀₅ and M_pN₁₀₅P₇₅. In the dry year, yield was increased significantly only in the two treatments containing M_P, with an increment of 14.18%–19.15%. The dry year induced a lower WUE, compared with the rainy year. The M_p-containing treatments promoted 7.68% and 15.76% of WUE in dry and rainy years, respectively. Compared with CK, the wet gluten contents, sediment values, stability and development time of wheat flour were increased in all the four treatments in both the dry and rainy years.
Conclusions In the three years' experiment, treatments containing sheep manure gained relative high wheat yield only in rainy years, while those containing pig manure did that in both dry and rainy years. Considering from the dour qualities and the point of fertilizer saving, combination of pig manure 22.5 t/hm² with N 105 kg/hm² and P₂O₅ 75 kg/hm² is recommended for the wheat production in Southern Shanxi Province.

HTML全文

参考文献(46)

施引文献

资源附件(0)