Abstract: Micro- plot experiment were conducted on upland soil in semi- arid region of Liaoning Province to study the effect of fertilization on root development, root vigor of spring wheat and the relations between some patameters of root and soil water content. The results showed that fertilization promotes root vigor of growth and it's length, weight, surface and volume were also accelerated, the N+P treatment has the best effect. The effect of fertilization on root system continued till the later growth stage of wheat. Due to the improvement of root growth and metabolism activity after fertilization, spring wheat can utilize more water from deeper soil layers, and showed especially significant inverse correlation between total root length, volume, surface, vigor, and soil water content, revealed the mechanism of fertilization on soil water utilization