水肥一体化施磷对滴灌玉米磷素、磷素营养及磷肥利用效率的影响

张国桥; 王 静; 刘涛; GALE William; 褚贵新*

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2014.0506

水肥一体化施磷对滴灌玉米磷素、磷素营养及磷肥利用效率的影响

Effect of water and P fertilizer coupling on corn yield, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency with drip irrigation in a calcareous soil

摘要

摘要: 【目的】在新疆大规模的节水滴灌农业生产中，根据作物不同生育阶段对磷素营养吸收特性，按比例通过水肥一体化以水施磷是满足作物磷素营养需求、减少磷的固定及提高磷肥利用效率的有效途径。【方法】本文在田间条件下设置不施磷 (CK)、固体磷酸二铵60%基施+40%追施(T1)、液体磷酸60%基施+40%追施(T2)、液体磷酸全部追施(T3)处理，研究了不同磷肥及施肥方式对滴灌玉米磷素吸收、产量及磷肥利用率的影响。【结果】液体磷酸全部追施处理可显著提高玉米的生物量、穗粒数和千粒重 (P0.05)，玉米产量达20622 kg/hm2，其产量比CK、磷酸二铵60%基施+40%追施和液体磷酸60%基施+40%追施处理分别提高了37%、25%、10%；在抽雄期和成熟期不施磷对照、T1、T2、T3处理的玉米吸磷量分别为14.0、22.7、21.0、18.3 kg/hm2 和 68.4、77.8、87.2、91.9 kg/hm2，在成熟期全部追肥处理植株的吸磷量显著高于其他处理，说明磷肥随水追施可显著改善玉米磷素营养(P0.05)；T1、T2、T3处理磷肥利用率（REP）和农学效率（AEP）分别为16.6%、32.6%、40.6% 和 7.9 kg/kg、22.7 kg/kg、40.6 kg/kg，T3处理的REP和AEP分别比其它处理提高了8个百分点~24个百分点和17.9~32.7 kg/kg，液体磷酸全追可显著提高磷肥利用效率 (P0.05)。【结论】液体磷肥100%以追肥的方式随水滴施可显著改善玉米生育中后期的磷素营养并提高产量。提高石灰性土壤玉米对磷肥的吸收利用效率，磷肥利用率可达40.6%。

Abstract: 【Objectives】In drip irrigation agriculture system, according to phosphorus nutrition demand characteristic of maize in different growth stage, water coupling with P fertilizer application is an effective way of improving P resources efficiency as well as decreasing soil P fixation in calcareous soil. However, more information is needed about how to improve P utilization efficiency in drip irrigated fields. The objective of this field study was to compare the effect of different P fertilizers on drip irrigated corn yield and P utilization. 【Methods】 The experiment included four treatments: (i) no P fertilizer (CK), (ii) P2O5 81 kg/ha of solid diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer basal applied at planting and 54 kg topdressed (T1), (iii) P2O5 81 kg/ha of liquid phosphoric acid (PA) fertilizer applied at planting and 54 kg topdressied (T2), (iv)P2O5 135 kg/ha of liquid PA topdressed (T3).【Results】The yield was 20622 kg/ha in the T3 treatment, 37% higher than in the CK, 25% higher than in the T1, and 10% higher than in the T2 treatment. The total biomass, grain number per panicle and grain weight per 1000 grains were also the highest in the T3 treatment (P0.05). At tasseling stage, 14.0 kg/ha of P was absorbed in the CK treatment, 22.7 kg in the T1 treatment, 21.0 kg in the T2 treatment and 18.3 kg in the T3 treatment. At maturity, total P absorption was 68.4 kg/ha, 77.8 kg/ha,.87.2 kg/ha and 91.9 kg/ha for CK,T1,T2, and T3, respectively. The amount of P absorption in the T3 treatment was significantly higher than in the other treatments (P0.05), indicating that topdressing of P significantly improved the P nutrition of corn. The apparent recovery efficiency of the P fertilizer (REP) was 16.6% in the T1 treatment, 32.6% in the T2 treatment and 40.6% in the T3 treatment. The T3 treatment increased REP by 8-24 percentage points compared with the T1 and T2 treatments. The agronomic efficiency of the P fertilizer (AEP) for T1, T2 and T3 was 7.9, 22.7 and 40.6 kg/kg respectively. The T3 treatment increased AEP by 17.9-32.7 kg/kg compared with the T1 and T2 treatments.【Results】 Liquid P fertilizer topdressing with drip irrigation significantly improves the P nutrition and P fertilizer utilization efficiency of corn, can be regarded as an efficient P fertilizer application strategy in calcareous soil.

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