适宜有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例提高甜瓜养分吸收、产量和品质

胡国智; 闫淼; 熊韬; 吴婷

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2021321

适宜有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例提高甜瓜养分吸收、产量和品质

Optimum chemical fertilizer N substitution with organic manure N improves nutrient uptake, yield, and quality of muskmelon in Xinjiang

摘要

摘要:
目的新疆有丰富的有机肥养分资源，我们研究了不同有机肥替代化肥比例对甜瓜氮磷钾养分吸收、积累及产量和品质的影响。
方法 2016和2017年连续进行了两年田间试验，供试甜瓜品种为‘黄皮9818’。试验设置不施氮肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)，和以100%、75%、50%、25%羊粪有机肥氮替代化肥氮素6个处理，对照除不施氮肥外，磷钾肥同其他处理，其他处理的氮磷钾养分投入量相同。在甜瓜主要生育期，取样分析了氮磷钾积累量，成熟期测定了甜瓜产量和可溶性固形物含量。
结果与单施化肥相比，施用100%有机肥氮降低了甜瓜各生育期的氮磷钾积累量；施用75%有机肥氮降低了果实膨大期前的氮磷钾阶段积累量，但总积累量没有明显降低；施用25%和50%有机肥氮，除伸蔓期外，氮磷钾阶段积累量没有显著降低，总积累量甚至明显高于单施化肥处理。从阶段氮磷钾吸收量占全生育期的比例看，施25%～50%有机肥氮增加了伸蔓期—花果期磷钾积累量的占比和果实膨大期—成熟期氮素吸收量的占比，比单施化肥处理更能满合甜瓜对氮磷钾养分吸积累的需求。施25%～50%有机肥氮处理甜瓜产量和可溶性糖含量与单施化肥处理相比没有显著差异，而施用75%～100%有机肥氮与单施化肥处理相比显著降低了甜瓜产量。
结论在新疆甜瓜生产中，有机肥氮超过总氮量的75%不能满足甜瓜对氮磷钾养分的吸收和积累需求，会不同程度地降低甜瓜产量和品质。施用25%～50%的有机肥氮(羊粪)替代化肥氮，其对养分的供应与甜瓜氮磷钾养分的吸收积累规律吻合，既可保证甜瓜营养生长期对磷钾的需要，又可促进果实膨大期后对氮素的吸收积累，进而提高甜瓜产量和品质。

Abstract:
Objectives Xinjiang has abundant organic fertilizer resources. We studied the suitable proportion of organic fertilizers to replace chemical fertilizer in Xinjiang, in order to reduce chemical fertilizer input for sustainable production of muskmelon.
Methods Field experiments were carried out for two consecutive years in 2016 and 2017, with muskmelon cultivar, Huangpi 9818 as test material. Based on the NPK recommendation for muskmelon in Xinjiang, four organic replacement ratios 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% (M, MF₁, MF₂, MF₃) were applied, with whole chemical fertilizer as control. The organic fertilizer amount of each treatment was calculated according to its N content, and chemical fertilizers were used to keep the same P and K input in all the treatments. In the main growth period of muskmelon, the biomass and N, P, and K content of aboveground part of muskmelon were measured, and the proportions of periodical accumulation of N, P, K in the whole growth period were calculated, and the yield and soluble solid contents of muskmelon were determined at full maturity.
Results Compared with whole chemical fertilizer treatment, organic fertilizer ratio of 100% reduced the NPK periodical and total accumulation, and reduced the melon yield and quality. By substituting 25%–50% of chemical fertilizer, the periodical NPK uptake were not significantly different from those from whole chemical fertilizer treatment, except at the vine stage, while the total N uptake at the mature stage was higher than whole chemical fertilizer treatment. In addition, MF₃ and MF₂ treatments increased the accumulation of N, P, and K from the fruit enlargement stage to full maturity stage and the proportion of nutrient distribution from flowering to mature stage. The melon yield and soluble solid contents of MF₃ and MF₂ treatments were not significantly different compared with those in whole chemical fertilizer treatment while M and MF₁ treatments had comparably lower yield and soluble solid contents in both years.
Conclusions In Xinjiang, replacement of chemical fertilizer with up to 75% organic fertilizer does not meet the requirement of NPK uptake and decreases the yield and quality of melon. However, replacing chemical fertilizer with 25%–50% organic fertilizer provides NPK nutrition more suitable for the uptake of muskmelon thereby, improving the yield and quality of muskmelon.

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