减量施肥耦合调亏灌溉对干热区芒果产量和品质的影响

彭有亮; 费良军; 刘小刚; 孙光照; 王秀康

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2021400

减量施肥耦合调亏灌溉对干热区芒果产量和品质的影响

Effect of reduced fertilization and regulated deficit irrigation coupling on yield and quality of mango in a dry-hot region

摘要

摘要:
目的研究减量施肥、调亏灌溉对西南干热区芒果产量、水肥利用效率及品质的影响，揭示芒果产量和品质对不同水肥耦合措施的响应规律，为西南干热区芒果灌溉施肥提供科学依据。
方法以7年生贵妃芒果树为试验材料，在云南干热区进行了大田芒果试验。以全生育期充分灌溉(I_F)为对照，设开花期、果实膨大期、果实成熟期亏缺灌溉(DI_FS、DI_ES、DI_MS)，亏缺灌溉水平为50%蒸发蒸腾量(ET_C)。施肥设置3个水平，分别为高肥(0.45 kg/株，当地施肥量，F_H)、中肥(0.36 kg/株，F_M)和低肥 (0.27 kg/株，F_L)。成熟期测定了果实产量、品质，计算了水分利用率(WUE)和肥料偏生产率(PFP)。
结果灌溉模式和施肥水平对芒果产量、WUE、PFP、含水率、维生素C和固酸比影响显著(P<0.05)。与I_F灌溉相比，DI_FS处理产量、WUE、PFP、维生素C和固酸比分别平均减少23.4%、13.6%、24.0%、6.8%和14.5%，DI_ES处理产量、PFP和固酸比分别减少20.3%、20.5%和39.3%；DI_MS处理产量增加不明显，但WUE、PFP和固酸比分别增加了21.6%、5.0%和10.5%。与F_H处理相比，F_M处理维生素C和固酸比分别增加了8.1%和11.3%，F_L处理分别减少了6.7%和9.8%；PFP随着施肥量的减少而增加。通过主成分分析表明，综合品质排名前3的处理组合是DI_MSF_M、DI_FSF_M、DI_MSF_H，得分最低的3个处理组合是DI_ESF_M、DI_ESF_H、DI_ESF_L。综合隶属函数值最大的是DI_MSF_M，其次是DI_FSF_M，最小的是DI_ESF_L。
结论开花期、果实膨大期调亏灌溉和低施肥量不利于保证芒果的产量和品质，在成熟期进行调亏灌溉，不会降低芒果产量。依据主成分和隶属综合函数评价，成熟期调亏灌溉和中等施肥量的芒果产量、品质和水分利用率均为最优。

Abstract:
Objectives Fertilizer rate and irrigation play important roles in mango yield, quality and production efficiency. We investigated the optimum combination of fertilizer rate and deficit irrigation stage in the dry-hot region of Yunnan Province.
Methods A field experiment was conducted using 7-year-old Guifei mango tree as experimental material. The three deficit irrigation stages were the flowering, fruit expansion and mature stage of mango (DI_FS, DI_ES, DI_MS), the deficit level was 50% of evapotranspiration (50%ET_C), and the full irrigation during whole growth period was used as control (I_F). The three fertilizer rates were high (0.45 kg/plant, F_H), medium (0.36 kg/plant, F_M) and low (0.27 kg/plant, F_L). At matured stage, the mango yield was recorded, and the vitamin C, total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acid (TA) and water content of mango fruit were analyzed. The principal component analysis and the Membership function evaluation method were used for the comprehensive evaluation of the treatment combination effect.
Results Compared with I_F control, DI_FS treatment decreased yield by 23.4%, water use efficiency (WUE) by 13.6%, partial factor productivity of fertilizer (PFP) by 24.0%, mango fruit vitamin C by 6.8% and ratio of TSS to TA by 14.5%, respectively; DI_ES treatment reduced yield, PFP and ratio of TSS to TA by 20.3%, 20.5%, and 39.3%, respectively; DI_MS treatment did not affect yield, but increased WUE, PFP and ratio of TSS to TA by 21.6%, 5.0% and 10.5%. Compared with F_H treatment, F_M treatment increased vitamin C and ratio of TSS to TA by 8.1% and 11.3%, respectively; F_L treatment decreased vitamin C and ratio of TSS to TA by 6.7% and 9.8%. The interaction between irrigation mode and fertilization had significant effects on the WUE and edible rate of mango (P<0.05). The comprehensive scores of top three treatments by Principal component analysis were DI_MSF_M, DI_FSF_M and DI_MSF_H, and the lowest three treatments were DI_ESF_M, DI_ESF_H and DI_ESF_L. The highest subordinate function value was obtained from DI_MSF_M treatment, followed by DI_FSF_M, and DI_ESF_L.
Conclusions Deficit irrigation at flowering and fruit expansion stages, and low fertilizer rate are not conducive to the yield formation and quality of mango, while deficit irrigation at maturity stage will not impact the yield and quality. According to the principal component analysis and the membership function evaluation method , deficit irrigation at fruit mature stage and medium rate of fertilizer are suitable combination for optimum yield and quality of mango, as well as water use efficiency.

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