天津地区不同冬绿肥培肥土壤的效果

赵秋; 张新建; 宁晓光; 周丽平

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2021602

摘要:

目的研究天津地区长期冬绿肥–春玉米轮作体系对土壤性质的影响，探讨该模式对土壤综合肥力的贡献。

方法田间定位试验于2012—2019年在天津进行，供试作物为春玉米，冬绿肥处理包括冬绿肥二月兰(Orychophragmus violaceus L.)、毛叶苕子(Vicia villosa Roth L.)、黑麦(Secale cereale L.)、黑麦草(Lolium L.)、毛叶苕子二月兰混播、毛叶苕子黑麦混播及冬闲对照，共7个处理。测定土壤理化性质及酶活性，并通过主成分分析方法分析种植不同冬绿肥及其组合对土壤综合肥力的贡献。

结果冬绿肥–春玉米轮作均显著增加了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾、微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量，同时增加了土壤饱和持水量，降低了土壤EC值。与冬闲–春玉米处理相比，冬绿肥–春玉米轮作土壤细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量分别提高26.67%～75.89%、61.9%～97.9%和51.4%～92.1%，土壤脲酶活性显著增加6.59%～20.47%。毛叶苕子黑麦混播、毛叶苕子、黑麦处理显著提高土壤磷酸酶活性，黑麦、黑麦草处理显著提高土壤蔗糖酶活性，毛叶苕子二月兰混播、毛叶苕子处理显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性，毛叶苕子、黑麦草、二月兰和黑麦处理显著提高土壤多酚氧化酶活性。主成分分析结果表明冬绿肥种植显著提高土壤综合肥力，特别是冬绿肥混播种植，提升效果从高到低排序为毛叶苕子二月兰混播>毛叶苕子黑麦混播>毛叶苕子>二月兰>黑麦草>黑麦。

结论华北春玉米种植区，长期冬绿肥种植显著改善了土壤理化性质和生物学性质，提高了土壤综合肥力水平，冬绿肥混播处理对土壤综合肥力贡献高于冬绿肥单播处理。

Abstract:

Objectives This study compared the effects of different winter green manure crops on comprehensive soil fertility to provide reference for the efficient cropping system in North China.

Methods A field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2019 in Tianjin under green manure- spring maize rotation system. The treatments comprised four green manure crops arranged in six planting patterns. These were Orychophragmus violaceus (OrV), hairy vetch (HV), rye, ryegrass (RG), planting of hairy vetch and Orychophragmus violaceus (HV + OrV), planting of hairy vetch and rye (HV + Rye), and winter fallow was designated as the control (CK). In 2019, soil samples in 0–15 cm depth were collected to determine soil physicochemical and biological properties. We used the principal component analysis to evaluate the effects of green manure treatment and the soil property indexes that were highly relevant to soil fertility.

Results Compared to CK, the green manure treatments (P<0.05) increased soil organic matter, total N, total P, available P, readily available K, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), soil saturated water holding capacity and lowered the soil EC value. Compared with CK, the green manure treatments increased the soil bacteria population by 26.67%–75.89%, fungi population by 61.9%–97.9%, actinomycetes population by 51.4%–92.1%, and soil urease activity by 6.59%–20.47%. HV+Rye, Rye and HV (P<0.05) increased the soil phosphatase activity. Soil invertase activity (P<0.05) was increased in Rye and Ryegrass treatments. HV + OrV and HV increased soil catalase activity. Soil polyphenol oxidase activity was increased in HV, Rye, OrV, and RG. The principal component analysis showed that green manure (P<0.05) enhanced soil fertility, especially the combined planting patterns. Soil fertility was in the order of HV + OrV > HV + Rye >HV>OrV>RG>Rye.

Conclusions Planting green manure over the long term improved the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil and soil fertility. Mixed planting of winter green manures had the highest contribution to soil fertility, followed by unicasting of winter green manure.

天津地区不同冬绿肥培肥土壤的效果

Effects of different winter green manure on soil fertility in Tianjin