夏玉米秸秆还田量和施氮量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响

李红星; 高飞; 任佰朝; 赵斌; 刘鹏; 张吉旺

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2021606

夏玉米秸秆还田量和施氮量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响

Effects of straw incorporation and nitrogen application rate on winter wheat yield and nitrogen utilization

摘要

摘要:
目的研究夏玉米秸秆还田量和施氮量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响，为提高秸秆和氮肥利用效率，实现冬小麦高产高效提供理论依据。
方法本试验于2019—2021年在山东农业大学试验站进行。分别在夏玉米秸秆全量还田(S)、半量还田(1/2S)和不还田(CK)条件下，设施氮量为N 210 kg/hm² (N)和178.5 kg/hm² (−15%N)，即SN、S−15%N、1/2SN、1/2S–15%N、CKN和CK–15%N，共6个处理。分析小麦不同生育时期地上部氮素积累量、氮素营养指数(NNI)、氮素吸收效率(UPE)、吸收氮素利用效率(UTE)和氮素利用率(NUE)。
结果与CKN处理相比，SN、S–15%N和1/2SN处理的小麦产量分别显著增加了12.79%、11.24%和12.63%，成熟期地上部氮素积累量分别显著增加了24.45%、22.81%和23.51% (P<0.05)。SN和1/2SN处理小麦成熟期土壤无机态氮累积量分别较CKN处理显著增加了4.81%和3.19%，S–15%N和1/2S–15%N处理较CK–15%N处理分别显著增加了8.28%和5.15%。小麦拔节期，CKN处理的NNI为0.90，其余处理较CKN显著降低8.14%～25.56%。小麦开花后，SN处理的NNI大于1，且比CKN显著增加了28.66%；S–15%N和1/2SN的NNI分别为0.98和1.08，分别较CKN处理显著增加20.66%和17.45%。SN、S–15%N和1/2SN处理的UPE较CKN分别显著增加16.99%、42.65%和27.15%。与CKN相比，SN和S–15%N处理的UTE分别显著降低10.68%和8.29%。SN、S–15%N和1/2SN处理的NUE较CKN分别显著增加10.41%、29.55%和14.19%。
结论不减少氮肥用量(N 210 kg/hm²)，夏玉米秸秆半量还田与全量还田的小麦产量无显著差异；与施氮量210 kg/hm²相比，减施15%氮肥，玉米秸秆全量还田不会显著降低小麦产量，且获得更高的氮肥利用效率，而半量还田小麦产量显著降低。

Abstract:
Objectives This study explored the effects of summer maize straw returning and nitrogen (N) application rate on winter wheat yield and N utilization to provide a theoretical basis for efficient summer maize straw and N management.
Methods The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Farm of Shandong Agricultural University from 2019 to 2021. There were six experimental treatments: incorporation of whole maize straw combined with N 210 kg/hm² (SN) and 178.5 kg/hm² (S–15%N), half of the maize straw combined with N 210 kg/hm² (1/2SN) and 178.5 kg/hm² (1/2S–15%N), and no maize straw incorporation with N 210 kg/hm² (CKN) and 178.5 kg/hm² (CK–15%N). The aboveground N accumulation, N nutrition index (NNI), and N fertilizer utilization efficiency of each treatment were analyzed to understand the impact of maize straw returning on wheat yield and N utilization efficiency.
Results The yield of SN, S–15%N, and 1/2SN (P<0.05) were increased by 12.79%, 11.24%, and 12.63%, compared with CKN. The aboveground N accumulation of SN, S–15%N, and 1/2SN (P<0.05) increased by 24.45%, 22.81%, and 23.51%, compared with CKN. The accumulation of soil inorganic N in SN and 1/2SN increased by 4.81% and 3.19% compared with CKN; S–15%N and 1/2S–15%N increased by 8.28% and 5.15% compared with CK–15%N. At the jointing stage, the NNI (P<0.05) decreased, which was 8.14%–25.56% lower than CKN (0.90). The NNI of SN (>1) at post-flowering increased by 28.66% compared with CKN, suggesting that N was surplus in the soil. While the NNI of S–15%N and 1/2SN were 0.98 and 1.08, respectively, the corresponding values increased by 20.66% and 17.45% compared with CKN. This indicated the optimum N content in the soil at the post-flowering stage of wheat. The UPE of wheat (P<0.05) increased with the maize straw returning. The values recorded for SN (16.99%), S–15%N (42.65%), and 1/2SN (27.15%) were higher than CKN. The UTE of SN and S–15%N were (P<0.05) lower than CKN by 10.68% and 8.29%. The NUE of SN, S–15%N, and 1/2SN increased by 10.41%, 29.55%, and 14.19%, compared with CKN.
Conclusions Without reducing the rate of N fertilizer (N 210 kg/hm²), there was no significant difference in wheat yield between the half and full return of summer maize straw. Reduced N fertilizer application by 15% with full maize straw return to the field did not reduce wheat yield but increased N utilization efficiency. Returning half of the maize straw to the field with the same amount of N reduction, on the other hand, reduced wheat yield.

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