全生物降解膜覆盖对玉米生长、产量及氮素利用的影响

翟勇全; 魏雪; 付江鹏; 马琨; 贾彪

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2022129

全生物降解膜覆盖对玉米生长、产量及氮素利用的影响

Effects of fully biodegradable film mulch on growth, yield and nitrogen utilization of maize

摘要

摘要:
目的研究全生物降解膜替代普通塑料膜对西北干旱农业区膜下滴灌玉米生长和氮素吸收利用、产量、经济效益的影响以及两种膜的降解性能，以探究缓解中国西北地区玉米农田残膜污染问题的方法。
方法 2019—2020年田间试验在宁夏平吉堡农场进行。试验采用裂区设计，主因素(覆膜材料)包括覆全生物降解膜(生物膜)、覆普通地膜和不覆膜对照，副因素(氮施用量)处理包括施氮0、120、240和360 kg/hm²，依次记为N0、N120、N240和N360。测定了玉米生长速率、产量和植株氮素利用效率，并分析了生物膜降解率。
结果与不覆膜相比，覆生物膜两年后，玉米地上部干物质累积量平均增加了10.82%，最大累积速率提高了0.034 t/(hm²·d)，最大累积速率出现时间提前了6.86天，吸氮量、氮肥回收利用率和氮肥农学效率分别提升了11.97%、31.47%和26.20%，且与普通地膜覆盖处理无显著差异。多曲线回归分析发现，生物膜和普通地膜处理下的玉米最大产量分别为1.42×10⁴和1.43×10⁴ kg/hm²，对应的施氮量分别为285.61和284.44 kg/hm²，两个覆膜处理间最大产量及其所需施氮量均无显著差异。在施氮240 kg/hm²时，两种膜处理的玉米产量及计算的最高产量也无显著差异。生物膜的两年平均降解率为40.65%，普通地膜为2.17%。在N240处理下两个膜处理均达到最大产值和经济效益，生物膜与普通地膜间没有显著差异。
结论全生物降解膜覆盖在提升玉米产量、促进干物质积累和氮素吸收利用方面与普通地膜覆盖效果相近，且实现最高产量和经济效益施氮量也均为240 kg/hm²。虽然生物膜投入成本高于普通地膜，但省去了收集残膜的投入，因而总的经济效益与普通地膜相当。考虑生物降解膜的额外环境效益，推荐在西北干旱农业区以生物降解膜替代普通地膜。

Abstract:
Objectives We investigated the effect of replacing plastic film with biodegradable film in maize production, as well as the suitable fertilizer input, to alleviate the residual plastic pollution in farmlands in northwest China.
Methods A 2-year field experiment with split plot design was conducted in Pingjipu farm, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 2019 and 2020 The main factor (mulching film type) included biodegradable film (BF), ordinary film (OF) and un-mulched control (CK); the subplots (nitrogen application rate) included N rates of 0, 120, 240, 360 kg/hm². The growth and yield of maize were recorded, N use efficiency of maize and the degradation rate of BF was measured.
Results Compared with CK, BF treatment significantly improved the dry matter accumulation of maize by 10.82%, the maximum accumulation rate by 0.034 t/(hm²·d), and the time reaching maximum accumulation rate was 6.86 days earlier in BF, while the N uptake, N recovery rate and agronomy efficiency increased by 11.97%, 31.47%, and 26.20%. BF and OF treatments produced similar values for all the above indices. Multiple regression analysis showed that the maximum yield of maize under BF and OF treatments was 1.42×10⁴ and 1.43×10⁴ kg/hm², and the corresponding N rate was 285.61, and 284.44 kg/hm². At N 240 kg/hm², the yield was similar under BF and OF conditions. The two years average degradation rates of BF and OF were 40.65% and 2.17%, respectively. Both BF and OF treatments obtained the maximum economic gains under N240 treatment, although no significant difference existed between them.
Conclusions Fully biodegradable film mulching had similar growth and yield effect with plastic film mulching in a drip irrigated maize. Under both film mulch types, the maximum nitrogen absorption, utilization and economic benefit at N rate of 240 kg/hm² were recorded. Compared with ordinary plastic film, fully biodegradable film saves the investment of collecting residual film, so the total economic benefit is comparable with that of ordinary plastic film. Considering the additional environmental advantages, fully biodegradable plastic film should be promoted in spring maize production in northwest China.

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