洱海流域有机肥全量替代化肥满足水稻氮素营养并减少土壤气态活性氮排放

吴茜虞; 雷宝坤; 徐卓颖; 续勇波; 李孙宁

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2023334

洱海流域有机肥全量替代化肥满足水稻氮素营养并减少土壤气态活性氮排放

Total organic fertilizer substitution of nitrogen fertilizer in Erhai watershed can satisfy rice nitrogen nutrition and reduce gaseous reactivenitrogen emission in paddy fields

摘要

摘要:
目的洱海流域是云南重要的水资源和生态屏障，为治理和防止水体富营养化，近年来推广了全面禁用化肥、推广有机肥的措施。研究该流域代表性有机肥资源(绿肥、牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪)全量替代化肥对水稻氮素利用及稻田气态活性氮排放的影响，从减排增效角度探讨粪肥、绿肥全量替代化肥的环境可行性。
方法于2021—2022年在云南省大理市开展了两年两季水稻田间试验。共设置6个处理：不施肥对照(CK)，绿肥(GM)、牛粪(CD)、猪粪(PM)、鸡粪(CM)全量替代化肥和单施等氮量化肥(CF)处理。从施肥后第1天起，按照检测方法要求的频率，采用田间原位密闭室间歇抽气−酸碱滴定法监测稻田氨挥发，同时测定田面水中全氮和可溶性有机氮含量。每次施肥后采用田间原位静态暗箱−气象色谱法监测稻田N₂O排放。水稻收获后测产，并分析水稻植株和籽粒氮素吸收量。
结果综合两年数据来看，CM、GM和PM处理水稻产量、地上部氮素累积量和氮肥回收利用率与CF处理无显著差异，说明绿肥、猪粪和鸡粪全量替代化肥均能保障水稻产量、地上部氮素累积量和氮肥回收利用率。与CF相比，2021和2022年3个有机肥全量替代化肥处理分别降低稻田NH₃挥发速率65.15%～85.61%和91.51%～96.25%，减少稻田NH₃累积挥发量89.81%～96.04%和97.19%～98.72%，降低NH₃挥发损失率89.81%～96.04%和97.15%～98.79%。有机肥全量替代化肥处理稻田N₂O累积排放量较CF处理减少了56.21%～72.39% (P<0.05)。
结论绿肥、猪粪和鸡粪全量替代化肥能在保障水稻产量、地上部氮素累积量和氮肥回收利用率的同时，显著减少稻田NH₃挥发和N₂O排放，是减排增效的环保型施肥措施。

Abstract:
Objectives Erhai watershed is an important water resource and ecological threshold of Yunnan Province. The chemical nitrogen fertilizer has been prohibited and application of organic fertilizer are promoted for conservation of water quality. We studied the feasibility of complete substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic resources in rice production of th area.
Methods A rice field experiment was conducted for two years (two season) in Dali Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province from 2021 to 2022. Chemical fertilizer N rate was used as control amount (CF), and green manure (GM), cow dung (CD), pig manure (PM), and chicken manure (CM) were applied in equal N amount. Ammonia volatilization in rice fields were monitored since the first day of fertilization using intermittent air sampling-acid-base titration in situ method, and the total N and dissolved organic N in the surface water were measured at the same time. N₂O emissions were monitored using the static dark box-meteorological chromatography in situ method. At harvest, rice yield and nitrogen accumulation were analyzed.
Results Based on two years of data, the four organic substitution treatments were recorded similar rice yield, aboveground N accumulation, and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency with CF treatment. Compared with CF in 2021 and 2022, the organic fertilizer treatments reduced the NH₃ volatilization rate by 65.15%−85.61%, and 91.51%−96.25%, decreased cumulative NH₃ volatilization by 89.81%−96.04%, and 97.19%−98.72%, and reduced NH₃ volatilization loss by 89.81%−96.04%, and 97.15%−98.79%. The organic fertilizer substituting treatments reduced 56.21%−72.39% of total N₂O emissions than CF.
Conclusions Complete substitution of chemical fertilizer with local organic fertilizers can ensure the nitrogen nutrition rerquirement and yield of rice, reduce NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emissions significantly, indicating the feasibility of complete organic fertilizer substitution in both rice production efficiency and the reduction of gaseous active nitrogen emissions in Erhai watershed, Yunnan Province.

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