• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
闫湘, 王旭, 李秀英, 于兆国. 我国水溶肥料中重金属含量、 来源及安全现状[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2016, 22(1): 8-18. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.14443
引用本文: 闫湘, 王旭, 李秀英, 于兆国. 我国水溶肥料中重金属含量、 来源及安全现状[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2016, 22(1): 8-18. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.14443
YAN Xiang, WANG Xu, LI Xiu-ying, YU Zhao-guo. Contents, source and safety status of major heavy metals in water-soluble fertilizers in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016, 22(1): 8-18. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.14443
Citation: YAN Xiang, WANG Xu, LI Xiu-ying, YU Zhao-guo. Contents, source and safety status of major heavy metals in water-soluble fertilizers in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016, 22(1): 8-18. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.14443

我国水溶肥料中重金属含量、 来源及安全现状

Contents, source and safety status of major heavy metals in water-soluble fertilizers in China

  • 摘要: 【目的】研究我国水溶肥料中有毒有害重金属As、 Pb、 Cd、 Cr、 Hg的含量及超标情况,调查超标重金属的来源,探讨有关肥料标准中重金属安全限量问题,旨在充分了解水溶肥料的安全现状,减小重金属环境风险,保障农产品质量安全。【方法】样品全部来自国家化肥质量监督检验中心(北京)肥料登记产品,重金属含量采用农业行业标准NY/T 1978-2010《肥料 汞、 砷、 镉、 铅、 铬含量的测定》方法检测,超标重金属来源分析采用企业调研方法,原料中重金属的含量研究采用公开发表文献数据进行分析。【结果】5种水溶肥料中As、 Pb、 Cd、 Cr、 Hg平均含量均符合NY/T 1110-2010《水溶肥料 汞、 砷、 镉、 铅、 铬的限量要求》,且远远低于标准限量值。部分水溶肥料重金属出现超标情况,但超标率较低,主要集中在As和Cd上,As和Cd超标率分别为3.50%和1.27%,Pb、 Cr和Hg超标率均小于1%。Cd超标样品的重金属含量是标准限量值的几至几百倍,As、 Pb和Cr超标程度接近,一般是限量值的1至几倍。超标样品调查结果显示,水溶肥料中重金属主要来自生产原料,原料中的重金属一半以上来自磷肥和微量元素肥料。大量元素水溶肥料中重金属主要来自磷酸二氢钾、 磷酸一铵等磷肥,其次来源于硫酸锌等微量元素肥料; 微量元素水溶肥料中重金属多来自硫酸锌和硫酸亚铁; 含氨基酸水溶肥料中As和Cd主要来自硫酸锌、 硫酸亚铁和氨基酸; 含腐植酸水溶肥料中重金属超标集中在As上,As多来自腐植酸钠、 腐植酸钾和磷肥。生产原料中重金属含量分析表明,氮肥和钾肥中重金属含量极低,作为水溶肥料的原料比较安全,而磷肥和微量元素肥料中重金属含量普遍较高,作为生产原料,必需严格检验,否则容易导致产品中重金属超标。通过相关标准分析发现,我国现行肥料标准中As、 Pb、 Cd、 Cr、 Hg安全限量或没有限制或制订的普遍较宽泛,且缺乏针对性。【结论】我国水溶肥料总体质量较好,重金属超标率较低,施用于农田是安全的,但对于水溶肥料中As和Cd的监测依然需要高度重视,肥料重金属限量标准和安全评价体系的制定也需要加强和完善。

     

    Abstract: 【Objectives】 In this paper, the contents and sources of toxic heavy metals As, Pb, Cd, Cr and Hg in water-soluble fertilizers were studied and their maximal limits in fertilizer standards are discussed, aiming to understand the safety situation of water-soluble fertilizers,reduce environmental risk of heavy metals and ensure the quality safety of agricultural products.【Methods】 Samples were collected from all the fertilizer products registered in the National Center for Quality Supervision and Testing of Chemical Fertilizers (Beijing). Heavy metal contents were measured using method of agriculture standard NY/T 1978-2010(Determination of mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead and chromium content for fertilizers). The heavy metal source adopted an empirical investigation method. The data about the contents of heavy metals in raw materials were from openly published documents at home and abroad.【Results】 The contents of As, Pb, Cd, Cr and Hg in five types of water-soluble fertilizers are all in the safe levels according to the agricultural standard (NY/T 1110-2010: Water-soluble fertilizers content limits of mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead and chromium), and are far below the maximal limits. There are some fertilizer samples in which heavy metal contents exceed the maximal limits, but the proportion is very low and mainly occurred in As and Cd with exceeding percentage of 3.50% and 1.27% separately. The proportion for Pb, Cr and Hg are all less than 1%. The Cd contents in the samples above the limit is often several to several hundred times of the up limit, while the contents of As, Pb and Cr are just one to several times higher. The survey results of 127 samples show that heavy metals mainly come from raw materials, and more than half of the raw materials are used for phosphate and micronutrients fertilizer production. The heavy metals in water-soluble fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are mainly from phosphate fertilizers including monopotassium phosphate and monoammonium phosphate, followed by zinc sulfate and other micronutrients fertilizers. In water-soluble fertilizers containing micronutrients, the heavy metals mainly come from zinc sulfate and ferrous sulfate. Most As and Cd in water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids derive from zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate and amino-acids, And the heavy metals, especially As, in water-soluble fertilizers containing humic-acids,mainly come from sodium humate, potassium humate and phosphate fertilizers. The researches at home and aboard all reported the extremely low heavy metal contents in nitrogen and potash fertilizers, but relatively high in phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers. Therefore, nitrogen and potash fertilizers are environmentally safe as raw materials of water-soluble fertilizers, phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers should be monitored for the heavy metal contents before used as raw materials of water-soluble fertilizers. Considering the fertilizer standards,the maximal limits of As, Pb, Cd, Cr and Hg are absent or too broad, lack of pertinence. 【Conclusions】 On the whole, the quality of water-soluble fertilizers is satisfactory, occasionally the contents of As, Pb, Cd, Cr and Hg exceed the up limit in the relative standards in China. So they are generally safe to farmland. However, attention still should be paid to the As and Cd contents in water-soluble fertilizers. The fertilizer standardization system should be strengthen the construction for suitable fertilizer environmental evaluation and fertilizer quality consciousness.

     

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