黄土塬区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对表层土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响

潘雅文; 樊军; 郝明德; 陈旭

doi:10.11674/zwyf.15455

黄土塬区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对表层土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响

Effects of long-term tillage and mulching methods on properties of surface soil and maize yield in tableland region of the Loess Plateau

摘要

摘要:
目的研究不同耕作、覆盖措施对土壤理化性质及对作物农艺性状的影响，为选择适合黄土高原沟壑区最佳耕作、覆盖措施提供参考。
方法田间定位试验设置12个处理，分别为传统耕作、传统耕作+膜上种植、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖、传统耕作+膜侧种植、传统耕作+全膜覆盖、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖、隔年耕作、免耕、免耕+地膜覆盖、免耕+秸秆覆盖、免耕+生草覆盖、免耕+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖，每个处理3个重复。于2014年对已持续12年的不同耕作、覆盖措施土壤理化性质与农艺指标进行测定与分析。
结果免耕处理降低了土壤容重，提高了土壤饱和导水率和4月下旬至10月上旬表层土壤含水量，降低了作物出苗期温度，降低了成熟期土壤全磷与速效磷含量，降低了株高、叶面积指数和产量。相反，地膜覆盖极显著增加了土壤容重(P < 0.01)，显著降低了土壤饱和导水率(P < 0.05)，降低了成熟期土壤有机质、全氮含量，有较为明显的保持和调节温度的作用，不同类型的地膜覆盖均能极显著提高玉米株高和叶面积指数进而提高产量(P < 0.01)。秸秆覆盖对土壤容重和含水量的影响与耕作方式有关，翻耕条件下，秸秆覆盖增加了土壤容重；免耕条件下，降低了土壤容重且均不显著。翻耕+秸秆覆盖土壤表层含水量最高；免耕+秸秆覆盖处理的土壤含水量最低。但秸秆覆盖下土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、作物株高、叶面积指数和产量与未覆盖时相比均有增加，影响皆达到显著水平(P < 0.05)，且均有降低地表温度的作用。
结论免耕虽有利于改良土壤物理性状，却较传统耕作降低了作物产量。免耕条件下秸秆+地膜处理显著提高作物产量和土壤全氮、有机质含量(P < 0.05)，是免耕处理组中最优选择。不同类型的地膜覆盖均可显著提高作物产量(P < 0.05)，而且秸秆+地膜双覆盖增产效果最显著，并显著提高土壤全氮、有机质含量，是黄土塬区最适宜的覆盖措施。

Abstract:
ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the effects of long-term different tillage and mulching methods on physical and chemical properties of surface soil, and the consequent agronomic characters of maize, to provide the references for choosing suitable tillage and mulching method in tableland region of the Loess Plateau.
MethodsThe long-term field trials are composed of 12 treatments: conventional tillage (CT), CT + film mulching, CT + straw mulching, CT + side-film mulching, CT+ whole film mulching, CT + straw and film mulching, tillage every other year (OT), no-tillage (NT), NT + film mulching, NT + straw mulching, NT + grass mulching, NT + straw and film mulching. The soil physical and chemical properties and the agronomic characters of maize after 12 years' consistent treatment were investigated.
ResultsThe no-tillage treatment reduced the soil bulk density and temperature during seedling emergence, reduced soil total P and available P content in mature stage, improved the saturated hydraulic conductivity and surface soil moisture from April 28 to October 15, the plant height, leaf area index and yields of maize were decreased as a result. Film mulching was able to reduce diurnal temperature, increase soil bulk density very significantly (P < 0.01), decrease saturated hydraulic conductivity significantly (P < 0.05) and decrease organic matter and total N of soil in maize mature stage. All the treatments containing film mulching increased the height, the yield and leaf area index of the maize very significantly (P < 0.01). Straw mulching showed different effects on ρb and Ks, they increased soil bulk density under conventional tillage but decreased it under no-tillage slightly; Compared with the no-straw-mulching treatments, straw mulching led very significant improvement of plant growth and yield (P < 0.01), as they could reduce the surface temperature, increase organic matter and total N of soil significantly (P < 0.05).
ConclusionsNo-tillage without mulching is capable of improving soil physical properties, but not of keeping soil moisture necessary for maize growth, so it is not acceptable for high yield maize production. No-tillage combined with straw and film mulching could significantly increase maize yield as they are effective in increasing soil organic matter and total N content. All types of film mulching have significant yield increase effect, of them, combined straw and film mulching is proved to be the optimal one in tableland region of the Loess Plateau.

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