• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
黄绍文, 唐继伟, 李春花. 我国商品有机肥和有机废弃物中重金属、养分和盐分状况[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(1): 162-173. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16191
引用本文: 黄绍文, 唐继伟, 李春花. 我国商品有机肥和有机废弃物中重金属、养分和盐分状况[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(1): 162-173. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16191
HUANG Shao-wen, TANG Ji-wei, LI Chun-hua. Status of heavy metals, nutrients, and total salts in commercial organic fertilizers and organic wastes in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(1): 162-173. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16191
Citation: HUANG Shao-wen, TANG Ji-wei, LI Chun-hua. Status of heavy metals, nutrients, and total salts in commercial organic fertilizers and organic wastes in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(1): 162-173. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.16191

我国商品有机肥和有机废弃物中重金属、养分和盐分状况

Status of heavy metals, nutrients, and total salts in commercial organic fertilizers and organic wastes in China

  • 摘要:
    目的 分析我国主要菜区商品有机肥和有机废弃物的重金属、养分和盐分状况,为蔬菜高效安全施肥和菜田土壤质量改善提供一定的理论依据。
    方法 针对全国主要菜区包括北方6省(市)和南方12省(市)典型商品有机肥和有机废弃物展开调查,取样时间是2014年1月上旬,共采取商品有机肥样品126个和有机废弃物样品255个,对3类商品有机肥和5类有机废弃物中重金属、养分和盐分状况进行了研究。
    结果 1)按照我国现有的NY525-2012有机肥料中重金属限量标准,商品鸡粪中Cd、Pb和Cr超标率分别为10.3%、17.2%和17.2%,商品猪粪中Cd和As超标率分别为20.0%和6.7%,其它商品有机肥中Cr、Cd、As和Hg超标率分别为13.4%、2.4%、2.4%和2.4%;鸡粪中Cd、As和Hg超标率分别为2.4%、7.1%和2.4%,猪粪中Cd、Pb、As和Hg超标率分别为1.5%、3.1%、15.4%和1.5%,牛粪中Cd和Hg超标率分别为1.7%和1.7%,羊粪中Cd超标率为12.5%,其它有机废弃物中Cr和As超标率分别为4.5%和13.6%。现在的畜禽粪便与传统有机肥已经大不相同,尤其是鸡粪和猪粪中Cu、Zn含量远高于上个世纪90年代初,分别增加1.5~16.2倍和1.3~4.7倍。2)商品有机肥中全氮含量、全钾含量和氮磷钾总含量较有机废弃物平均分别高出51.2%、32.0%和15.0%,有机废弃物中全磷含量、有机质含量、C/N比值和C/P比值较商品有机肥平均分别高出23.7%、41.5%、22.7%和15.2%。商品有机肥中,商品猪粪的全磷含量、有机质含量和C/N比值均相对较高,其它商品有机肥的全氮含量、全钾含量、氮磷钾总含量和C/P比值均相对较高;有机废弃物中,鸡粪和猪粪的全氮含量、全磷含量和氮磷钾总含量均相对较高,鸡粪、羊粪和其它有机废弃物的全钾含量相对较高,猪粪、牛粪和羊粪的有机质含量相对较高,牛粪的C/N比值相对较高,牛粪和羊粪的C/P比值相对较高。3)商品有机肥的EC值(平均23.5 mS/cm,n=126)较有机废弃物(平均7.7 mS/cm,n=255)高出2.1倍。商品有机肥中其它商品有机肥的EC值很高,其次是商品猪粪,商品鸡粪的EC值相对较低;有机废弃物中鸡粪和其它有机废弃物的EC值相对较高,其次是羊粪,猪粪和牛粪的EC值相对较低。
    结论 商品鸡粪以Cd、Pb和Cr超标为主,商品猪粪以Cd和As超标为主,其它商品有机肥以Cr超标为主;猪粪、鸡粪和其它有机废弃物以As超标为主,羊粪以Cd超标为主。商品有机肥中全氮含量、全钾含量和氮磷钾总含量均高于有机废弃物,有机废弃物中全磷含量、有机质含量、C/N比值和C/P比值均高于商品有机肥。商品有机肥的EC值远高于有机废弃物。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Heavy metals, nutrients, and EC (electrical conductivity) in commercial organic fertilizers and organic wastes in main vegetable production regions of China were evaluated to provide a scientific basis for high-efficiency and safe vegetable fertilizer recommendation, and soil quality improvement.
    Methods About 126 representative samples of commercial organic fertilizers and 255 samples of organic wastes were collected from the main vegetable production regions, including 6 provinces (municipalities) of northern China and 12 provinces (municipalities) of southern China. The sampling periods were in early January of 2014, and status of heavy metals, nutrients, and EC in three types of commercial organic fertilizers and five types of organic wastes were investigated in this study.
    Results 1) According to the China NY525-2012 maximum limits for heavy metals in commercial organic fertilizers, the percentage of the samples exceeding the limitation was respectively 10.3% for Cd, 17.2% for Pb and 17.2% for Cr in commercial chicken fertilizers, 20.0% for Cd and 6.7% for As in commercial pig fertilizers, 13.4% for Cr, 2.4% for Cd, 2.4% for As and 2.4% for Hg in other commercial organic fertilizers, 2.4% for Cd, 7.1% for As and 2.4% for Hg in chicken manures, 1.5% for Cd, 3.1% for Pb, 15.4% for As and 1.5% for Hg in pig manures, 1.7% for Cd and 1.7% for Hg in cattle manures, 12.5% for Cd in sheep manures, and 4.5% for Cr and 13.6% for As in other organic manures. Present livestock and poultry dungs were greatly different with traditional organic fertilizers, and compared with the results investigated in 1990s especially, the contents of total Cu and total Zn in chicken and pig manures increased by 1.5-16.2 and 1.3-4.7 times, respectively. 2) The contents of N, K2O, and total nutrients (N+P2O5+K2O) in commercial organic fertilizers were 51.2%, 32.0% and 15.0% higher than those in organic wastes, respectively, whereas the contents of P2O5and OM (organic matter), and ratios of C/N and C/P in organic wastes were 23.7%, 41.5%, 22.7% and 15.2% higher than those in commercial organic fertilizers. For commercial organic fertilizers, relatively higher values were found for the contents of P2O5and OM, and ratios of C/N in commercial pig fertilizers, and for the contents N, K2O and total nutrients, and ratios of C/P in other commercial organic fertilizers. For organic wastes, relatively higher values were observed for the contents of N, P2O5and total nutrients in chicken and pig manures, for the contents of K2O in chicken and sheep manures, and other organic manures, for the contents of OM in pig, cattle and sheep manures, for ratios of C/N in cattle manures, and for ratios of C/P in cattle and sheep manures. 3) EC values in commercial organic fertilizers (averaged 23.5 mS/cm, n=126) were 3.1 times as high as that in organic wastes (averaged 7.7 mS/cm, n=255). For commercial organic fertilizers, EC values were relatively higher in other commercial organic fertilizers, medium in commercial pig fertilizers, whereas relatively lower in commercial chicken fertilizers. For organic wastes, EC values were relatively higher in chicken manures and other organic manures, medium in sheep manures, whereas relatively lower in pig and cattle manures.
    Conclusion The main heavy metals in the contents beyond the limitation were Cd, Pb and Cr in commercial chicken fertilizers, Cd and As in commercial pig fertilizers, Cr in other commercial organic fertilizers, As in pig manures, chicken manures and other organic manures, and Cd in sheep manures. The contents of N, K2O, and total nutrients were respectively higher for commercial organic fertilizers compared with organic wastes, whereas the contents of P2O5and OM, and ratios of C/N and C/P were respectively higher for organic wastes compared with commercial organic fertilizers. EC values in commercial organic fertilizers were much higher than those in organic wastes.

     

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