• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
袁静超, 刘剑钊, 闫孝贡, 张洪喜, 梁尧, 蔡红光, 任军. 春玉米连作体系高产栽培模式优化研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(1): 53-62. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17094
引用本文: 袁静超, 刘剑钊, 闫孝贡, 张洪喜, 梁尧, 蔡红光, 任军. 春玉米连作体系高产栽培模式优化研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(1): 53-62. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17094
YUAN Jing-chao, LIU Jian-zhao, YAN Xiao-gong, ZHANG Hong-xi, LIANG Yao, CAI Hong-guang, REN Jun. Optimization of agronomic management mode for high-yield continuous spring maize cropping system[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(1): 53-62. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17094
Citation: YUAN Jing-chao, LIU Jian-zhao, YAN Xiao-gong, ZHANG Hong-xi, LIANG Yao, CAI Hong-guang, REN Jun. Optimization of agronomic management mode for high-yield continuous spring maize cropping system[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(1): 53-62. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17094

春玉米连作体系高产栽培模式优化研究

Optimization of agronomic management mode for high-yield continuous spring maize cropping system

  • 摘要:
    目的 通过探讨春玉米土壤物理性状、根系动态变化、产量等对不同农学管理模式的响应,为优化玉米高产高效栽培技术提供理论依据。
    方法 以先玉335为供试品种,进行了三年大田定位试验,对种植密度、肥料施用、土壤耕作三项关键技术进行优化组合。设计了4种模式:1) 按照当地农户习惯,种植密度5.0万株/hm2,一次性施用化肥N 225、P2O5 82.5、K2O 67.5 kg/hm2,灭茬旋耕 (CK);2) 种植增密至6.0万株/hm2,化肥用量为N 195、P2O5 75、K2O 82.5 kg/hm2,氮肥分两次施用,播前和拔节期分别施78和117 kg/hm2,基施有机肥15000 kg/hm2及中微肥60 kg/hm2,灭茬旋耕 (Opt-1);3) 种植密度7.0万株/hm2,施化肥量为N 300、P2O5 120、K2O 120 kg/hm2,氮肥分三次施用,播前、拔节和抽雄期分别施用120、120、60 kg/hm2,磷肥和钾肥分两次施用,播前和拔节分别施用96和24 kg/hm2,基施有机肥15000 kg/hm2及中微肥150 kg/hm2,拔节期深松 (Opt-2);4) 施化肥N225、P2O5 90、K2O 90 kg/hm2,氮肥分三次施用,播前、拔节和抽雄期分别施用90、90、45 kg/hm2,磷肥和钾肥分两次施用,播前和拔节分别施用72和18 kg/hm2,有机肥、中微肥和种植密度同Opt-2(Opt-3)。调查了产量构成、氮素吸收、0—60 cm土壤物理性状和根系动态变化。
    结果 产量主要是依靠收获穗数的增加来实现,Opt-1、Opt-2、Opt-3处理下的产量分别较CK高12.1%、15.3%和13.9%。与Opt-3处理相比,Opt-2处理氮肥用量增加33.3%,吸氮量仅增加6.9%,且多集中于茎叶,产量未增加。Opt-2、Opt-3处理在拔节期深松后,吐丝期和乳熟期固相比例有所下降,尤以乳熟期较为显著,平均各土层分别降低了8.8%和7.4%,进而增加了0—40 cm耕层土壤的通透性。Opt-1、Opt-2、Opt-3处理在0—10 cm土层根长、根重和根表面积均显著高于CK,在30—40 cm土层Opt-2、Opt-3处理的根长和根表面积比CK分别增加36.6%、44.6%和34.9%、37.1%;与CK相比,Opt-1、Opt-2、Opt-3处理在玉米吐丝期0—60 cm土壤硝态氮残留量分别减少45.7%、31.0%、23.2%,且处理间差异显著。Opt-2和Opt-3处理在12展叶期进行深松追肥后促进了硝态氮的下移。
    结论 通过增密、调肥、深松三项技术措施的集成优化,提高了0—40 cm耕层土壤的通气性,促进了玉米根系下扎且充分生长,吸收利用了0—60 cm土层中的硝态氮,进而显著增加了产量和肥料利用率。通过调整施肥量,补充有机肥和中微量元素,氮磷钾肥分两次施用并结合拔节期深松,其产量和吸氮量较目前常规栽培模式增幅分别为13.9%和9.5%,是较优的栽培技术模式。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Planting density, fertilization and soil tillage are the three key measurements in maize production. Their combination effect was studied in spring maize in order to set up a high-yield and high efficiency cultivation management measure for continues cropping of maize.
    Methods A maize cultivar, XY335, was used as tested material in a field experiment. Four agronomic management modes were tested: agronomic management including 50000 plants/hm2, one basal application of all the NPK fertilizers, stubble rotary tillage (CK), plant density 60000 plants/hm2, N 195–P2O5 75– K2O 82.5 kg/hm2, nitrogen was applied in basal of 78 and topdressing of 117 kg/hm2, basal applied manure 15000 kg/hm2 and micronutrients 60 kg/hm2, stubble rotary tillage (Opt-1), plant density 70000 plant/hm2, N 300–P2O5 120–K2O 120 kg/hm2, N was applied 120, 120, 60 kg/hm2 in basal, jointing and skilling, respectively, both P and K were applied 96 and 24 kg/hm2 in basal and jointing stage, 15000 kg/hm2 of manure and 150 kg/hm2 of micronutrients were basal applied, soil deep loosing at jointing at stage (Opt-2), plant density 70000 plant/hm2, N 225–P2O5 90–K2O 90 kg/hm2, N was applied at 90, 90, 45 kg/hm2 in basal, jointing and skilling, respectively, both P and K were applied at 72 and 18 kg/hm2 in basal and jointing stage, 15000 kg/hm2 of manure and 150 kg/hm2 of micronutrients were basal applied, soil deep loosing at jointing at stage (Opt-3). Maize grain yields, N uptake, 0–60 cm soil physical properties and dynamic changes of roots were analyzed.
    Results The increase of grain yield was mainly caused by increased ear number, and the yields of Opt-1, Opt-2 and Opt-3 were 12.1%, 15.3%, and 13.9% higher than that of CK on average, respectively. Compared to Opt-3, the nitrogen fertilizer rate of Opt-2 was increased by 33.3%, nitrogen uptake was increased only 6.9%, and was mainly distributed in stem. Deep loosing of soil at jointing stage increased the gas phases in soil, which was good for the deep development of roots. Especially in milk stage, solid phases was reduced by 8.8% and 7.4% and soil permeability was increased in the arable layer of 0–40 cm in Opt-2 and Opt-3. The root length, root weight and root surface area of Opt-1, Opt-2, Opt-3 were higher than those of CK. In the early growth period, the total root weights of CK and Opt-1 were higher those of Opt-2 and Opt-3. In 30–40 cm of soil layer, compared with CK, the root length and root surface area of Opt-2 and Opt-3 were increased by 36.6%, 44.6% and 34.9%, 37.1%. Compared with CK, the soil nitrogen residue of Opt-1, Opt-2 and Opt-3 was decreased by 45.7%, 31.0%, 23.2%, respectively. Relatively larger root volumes in deep soil stimulated the absorption of NO3, which was usually leached into the deep soil layer at the later growth stage of maize, promoted the N use efficiencies.
    Conclusions Increasing plant density, optimization of nitrogen fertilization and deep loosening significantly improved soil structure, reduced soil bulk density, which was good for the root development in the later growth stage. The yield and nitrogen uptake of Opt-3 were 13.9% and 9.5% higher than those of conventional agronomic mode (CK). Opt-3 is thought to be the optimized agronomic management mode for high yield and nutrient efficient maize production in the tested area.

     

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