• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
马小龙, 王朝辉, 曹寒冰, 佘旭, 何红霞, 包明, 宋庆赟, 刘金山. 黄土高原旱地小麦产量差异与产量构成及氮磷钾吸收利用的关系[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(5): 1135-1145. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17150
引用本文: 马小龙, 王朝辉, 曹寒冰, 佘旭, 何红霞, 包明, 宋庆赟, 刘金山. 黄土高原旱地小麦产量差异与产量构成及氮磷钾吸收利用的关系[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(5): 1135-1145. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17150
MA Xiao-long, WANG Zhao-hui, CAO Han-bing, SHE Xu, HE Hong-xia, BAO Ming, SONG Qin-yun, LIU Jin-shan. Yield variation of winter wheat and its relation to yield components, NPK uptake and utilization in drylands of the Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(5): 1135-1145. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17150
Citation: MA Xiao-long, WANG Zhao-hui, CAO Han-bing, SHE Xu, HE Hong-xia, BAO Ming, SONG Qin-yun, LIU Jin-shan. Yield variation of winter wheat and its relation to yield components, NPK uptake and utilization in drylands of the Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(5): 1135-1145. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17150

黄土高原旱地小麦产量差异与产量构成及氮磷钾吸收利用的关系

Yield variation of winter wheat and its relation to yield components, NPK uptake and utilization in drylands of the Loess Plateau

  • 摘要:
    目的针对我国黄土高原旱地小麦低产田块多、分布范围广、农户地块间产量差异大的问题,探索影响旱地小麦产量的关键因素,为缩小产量差异、提高旱地小麦产量提供理论依据。
    方法对分布在我国黄土高原的山西、陕西旱地小麦主产区的282个农户麦田0—100 cm土壤和小麦植株取样分析。将小麦产量分为高、中、低三组,分析了小麦产量差异与产量构成、氮磷钾吸收利用的关系。
    结果调查农户冬小麦产量平均为3815 kg/hm2,中、低产组分别比高产组低32%和57% (P < 0.05);高产组籽粒平均含氮量较低产组低7%,但磷钾含量和茎叶氮磷钾含量差异不显著。与高产组相比,中、低产组生物量分别低27%和50%,收获指数低5%和13%,穗数低15%和31%,穗粒数低19%和41% (P < 0.05);地上部吸氮量低28%和51%,吸磷量低32%和55%,吸钾量低28%和50% (P < 0.05)。低产组氮收获指数分别比高、中产组低5%和4%,磷收获指数低4%和3%,钾收获指数低13%和8%。高产组小麦的需氮量较中、低产组分别低5%和12% (P < 0.05),需磷量没有显著差异;高、中产组小麦的需钾量亦无显著差异,但分别较低产组显著低5%和15%。高产组小麦的氮生理效率较中、低产组分别高4%和11%,产量分组间小麦的磷生理效率同样没有显著差异;高、中产组小麦的钾生理效率无显著差异,分别较低产组显著高16%和10%。
    结论黄土高原旱地农户田块小麦产量存在显著差异,其中由氮素营养不同引起的干物质累积转移、产量构成和养分吸收分配的变化是导致产量差异的重要原因。缩小旱地小麦产量差异的切入点在于氮素调控。基于作物产量形成的养分需求优化肥料投入,结合改进栽培,促进小麦干物质累积,提高穗数和穗粒数,从而实现产量普遍提升。

     

    Abstract:
    ObjectivesIn the Loess Plateau, Northwest China, low-fertility fields are widely distributed. Winter wheat yields are varied among farmers and field plots. Exploring the key factors affecting the yields is extremely important for increasing the yields and management level of winter wheat.
    MethodsSamples of soils at 0–100 cm depth and winter wheat plants were collected in 282 farmers’ fields in Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces, Northwest China. The winter wheat yields were divided into high, middle and low groups, the yield variations were correlated with yield components, NPK uptake and utilization.
    ResultsThe mean grain yield of winter wheat in surveyed farmers’ lands was 3815 kg/hm2, the average yields of the middle and low groups were respectively 32% and 57% lower than that of the high-yield group. The grain N content of the high-yielding group was 7% lower than that of the low-yielding group, the P and K contents of winter wheat grain and the N, P and K contents of stems and leaves showed no significant variance among the yield groups. Compared with the high-yielding group, the biomass in the middle and low yielding groups were 27% and 50% lower, the harvest indices of dry matter were 5% and 13% lower, the spike numbers were 15% and 31% lower, the kernel numbers were 19% and 41% lower, the aboveground N uptake were 28% and 51% lower, the P uptake were 32% and 55% lower, and the K uptake were 28% and 50% lower. The N harvest index in the low-yielding group was respectively 5% and 4%, the P harvest index 4% and 3%, and the K harvest index 13% and 8% lower than those in the high- and middle-yielding groups. The N requirements of the high-yielding group were respectively 5% and 12% lower than those of the middle and low yield groups, but no significant difference was observed for the P requirement among the groups, no significant difference between high and middle yield groups for K requirement was found, although they were respectively 5% and 15% lower than the low-yielding. The average of N physiological efficiency of the high-yielding group was 4% and 11% higher than those of the middle and low yield groups. For P physiological efficiency, there was no significant difference among yield levels. In addition, the average K physiological efficiency of the high and middle yield groups also showed no significant difference, but they were respectively 16% and 10% higher than that of the low-yielding group.
    ConclusionsWinter wheat yields are varied significantly in farmers’ lands in the Loess Plateau. The main reason is from the differences in crop dry matter accumulation, yield formation, and N, P and K uptake and distribution caused primarily by the variable N nutrition status. To reduce the farmers’ wheat yield difference in this area, the key measures should be adopted to regulate the crop N nutrition and optimize the fertilizer input based on the crop nutrient requirements, meanwhile improve crop cultivation, promote dry matter accumulation in wheat plant, increase the ear number and grain number, and then achieve its yield increase in a large scale.

     

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