• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
李广浩, 董树亭, 赵斌, 张吉旺, 刘鹏. 不同土壤水分状况下实现夏玉米高产及氮素高效的控释尿素用量研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(3): 579-589. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17277
引用本文: 李广浩, 董树亭, 赵斌, 张吉旺, 刘鹏. 不同土壤水分状况下实现夏玉米高产及氮素高效的控释尿素用量研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(3): 579-589. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17277
LI Guang-hao, DONG Shu-ting, ZHAO Bin, ZHANG Ji-wang, LIU Peng. Optimal application rates of controlled release urea for high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize under different soil water conditions[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(3): 579-589. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17277
Citation: LI Guang-hao, DONG Shu-ting, ZHAO Bin, ZHANG Ji-wang, LIU Peng. Optimal application rates of controlled release urea for high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize under different soil water conditions[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(3): 579-589. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.17277

不同土壤水分状况下实现夏玉米高产及氮素高效的控释尿素用量研究

Optimal application rates of controlled release urea for high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize under different soil water conditions

  • 摘要:
    目的 水分和氮肥运筹是提高玉米产量的重要措施。本文研究了不同土壤水分状况下适宜的控释尿素用量,为控释肥大面积高效应用和玉米轻简化栽培提供科学依据。
    方法 本研究以‘郑单958’为试验材料,采用旱棚土柱试验,两因素裂区设计。主区为水分处理:重度水分胁迫 (最大田间持水量的35%±5%,W1),轻度水分胁迫 (55%±5%,W2),正常水分 (75%±5%,W3)。副区为控释尿素处理:不施氮 (N0),低氮 (施纯氮105 kg/hm2,N1) ,中氮 (施纯氮210 kg/hm2,N2),高氮 (施纯氮315 kg/hm2,N3)处理。分别在吐丝期 (R1)、籽粒建成期 (R2)、乳熟期 (R3)、蜡熟期 (R5) 和完熟期 (R6),取植株样,称量茎鞘、叶片、籽粒和穗轴的生物量,在收获期测产。采用CAIPOS土壤墒情监测系统控制土壤水分,每天早晨和傍晚各读取一次以确定每天的浇水量。
    结果 相同水分条件下,夏玉米产量随着控释尿素施氮量的增加而增加,相同氮素水平,各处理产量呈现随着土壤水分含量的增加而增加的趋势。重度水分胁迫下,植株干物质和氮素积累整体水平较低,尤其是花后干物质和氮素的积累所占比例较低;2014年N1、N2和N3之间的产量差异不显著,2015年氮素籽粒生产效率和氮肥利用率随施氮量增加而显著降低。轻度水分胁迫下,夏玉米干物质、氮素积累和产量随着施氮量的增加呈显著增加的趋势,花后干物质和氮素的积累所占比例较高;N3处理产量和氮素积累量与正常水分条件下N3处理差异不显著;2014年N3与N2处理之间氮素籽粒生产效率和氮肥利用率差异均不显著,2015年N3处理的氮肥利用率显著高于N2处理。正常水分条件下,N3与N2处理产量差异不显著,但显著高于N1处理;N2处理的花后干物质与氮素积累所占比例、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥生理效率显著高于N3处理。
    结论 水氮互作对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用具有显著影响,轻度水分胁迫下,适当提高氮肥用量 (W2N3),或者正常供水下配合适量氮肥 (W3N2),水氮互作效应最显著,能够保持氮素的高效释放,有利于花后植株中干物质与氮素的积累,从而提高夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率。本试验条件下,在土壤水分含量为最大田间持水量的75% ± 5%时,控释尿素施氮量以纯氮210 kg/hm2为最佳;在土壤水分含量为最大田间持水量的55% ± 5%时,控释尿素施氮量以纯氮315 kg/hm2为宜。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Both water and nitrogen managements are very important to increase maize yield. In this paper, the coordinated appropriate application amount of controlled release urea was studied under different soil water conditions, aiming for the high maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
    Methods The experiment was conducted in the rainout shelter, located in the Experimental Farm of Shandong Agricultural University, using a maize cultivar ‘Zhengdan 958’ (a popular summer maize hybrid) as tested material. Soil columns, 1 m high and 30 cm in inner diameter, were used for the experiment. The main treatment was soil water capacity (SWC), three levels of SWC were setup: 35% ± 5% (severe stress, W1), 55% ± 5% (mild stress, W2), and 75% ± 5% (adequate, W3). Sub-treatment was controlled release urea fertilizer amount, N levels of 0, 105, 210 and 315 kg/hm2 were setup, recorded as N0, N1, N2 and N3, respectively. The maize yield, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation were investigated, and the nitrogen use efficiencies were calculated.
    Results Under adequate and mild water stress condition, the yields showed an increasing trend with the amounts of N application increased. Under the same amount of N application, the yields were also improved with the increase of soil moisture. Under severe water stress, the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation amounts in maize plants were generally low, especially at post-silking stage. The yields of N1, N2 and N3 were similar in 2014, while the yield of N3 was significantly higher than those of N1 and N2 in 2015. Nitrogen use efficiencies for grain production (NGPEs) and nitrogen use efficiencies (NUEs) were decreased with the increase of N. Under the mild water stress, the dry matter and N accumulation showed increasing trends with the increase of N application, and the rates of post-silking were relatively higher, and the yield and N accumulation of W2N3 were similar to W3N3. In 2014, there was no significant difference in NGPE and NUE between N3 and N2, the NUE of N3 was significantly higher than that in N2 in 2015. Under adequate water condition, the yields of N3 and N2 were similar, and both were significantly higher than that of N1; at the post-silking stage, the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (ANUE), NUE and physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) of N2 were significantly higher than those of N3.
    Conclusions Comprehensively, relatively high input of nitrogen fertilizer could alleviate the yield reduction caused by mild water stress, and appropriated nitrogen input could achieve high yield and efficient utilization of nitrogen under adequate water supply. Under the experimental condition, the suitable rate of controlled release urea is N 210 kg/hm2 for the soil moisture content of 75% ± 5% of field capacity, and 315 kg/hm2 for the soil moisture content of 55% ± 5% of field capacity in summer maize production.

     

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