秸秆还田条件下氮磷钾用量对软米粳稻产量和品质的影响

胡雅杰; 钱海军; 吴培; 朱明; 邢志鹏; 戴其根; 霍中洋; 魏海燕; 许轲; 张洪程

doi:10.11674/zwyf.17347

秸秆还田条件下氮磷钾用量对软米粳稻产量和品质的影响

Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer rates on yield and grain quality of soft japonica rice under straw returning condition

摘要

摘要:
目的秸秆全量还田和毯苗机插技术在水稻种植中被越来越多地采用。本文研究了不同氮 (N)、磷 (P)、钾 (K) 肥用量对软米粳稻产量和稻米品质的影响，提出适应该条件和特定水稻品种的施肥技术。
方法 2014—2015年，以软米粳稻南粳9108为材料，在江苏省兴化市钓鱼镇进行大田试验，在秸秆全量还田条件下，采取毯苗机插栽培方式，设置氮、磷、钾肥3种类型肥料，各类型肥料设置0、1、1.5、2、2.5、3等6个用量水平，其中2水平为肥料常规用量，氮、磷、钾肥常规用量分别为270 kg/hm²、108 kg/hm²、216 kg/hm²。分析了不同肥料用量下软米粳稻的产量、稻米品质和淀粉RVA谱值。
结果软米粳稻产量和稻米品质对不同肥料的响应程度表现为氮肥 > 钾肥 > 磷肥。在供试氮肥水平范围内，粳稻产量以N2水平最高；糙米率、精米率、整精米率和蛋白质含量则随施氮水平的增加而增加，直链淀粉含量降低，胶稠度变短，RVA谱特征值中峰值黏度和崩解值降低，热浆黏度和消减值增大，且高氮 (N3) 与低氮 (N1) 处理间差异显著。在供试磷肥水平范围内，粳稻产量以P2水平较高；增施磷肥能提高稻米加工品质，而蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量及胶稠度对磷肥用量的响应无明显变化规律，淀粉RVA谱特征值有变劣趋势。在供试钾肥水平范围内，随着钾水平提高，机插软米粳稻产量、糙米率、精米率、整精米率先增加后减少，产量以K2水平最高，加工品质以K2.5水平最高，蛋白质含量有增加趋势，直链淀粉含量下降，峰值黏度和崩解值呈先增后减，消减值呈先减后增。
结论在秸秆全量还田和毯苗机插栽培条件下，软米粳稻增施氮肥、磷肥和钾肥利于提高稻米加工品质，而减少氮肥、稳施磷肥、增加钾肥利于改善稻米蒸煮食味品质。综合考虑，在秸秆全量还田条件下机插软米粳稻肥料用量以N 270 kg/hm²、P 108 kg/hm²、K 216 kg/hm²水平能较好地协调高产与优质的关系。

Abstract:
Objectives Straw returning and machanical transplanting technologies have been widely extended in the rice production. This paper studied the effects of the rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) on grain yield and quality of soft japonica rice under the technologies, in order to propose the appropriate fertilization measurements.
Methods Field experiments were conducted in Diaoyu Town, Xinghua City, Jiangsu Province in 2014 and 2015, using a good eating quality rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 as tested materials. Taking the recommended N 270 kg/hm², P 108 kg/hm² and K 216 kg/hm² for rice in the area as level 2, six levels were tested for all the N, P and K fertilizers as 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3. The grain yield and quality were investigated.
Results The main nutrient affecting rice yield and quality was N, then was K and P. Within the tested N levels, the highest rice yield was obtained in level 2; the brown rice percentage (BR), milled rice percentage (MR), head rice percentage (HR) and protein content (PC) were increased with the increased N levels, the amylose contents (AC) were reduced on the contrary, and the gel consistency (GC) was shorten, the peak viscosity and breakdown were declined, the trough viscosity and setback were increased; the differences of these rice quality indices were significant between the high (N3) and low nitrogen (N1) treatments. Within the tested P levels, the rice yields were relatively high in level 2; the processing quality of rice were improved with the increased P levels, and there was no differences in PC, AC and GC, but the RVA profile of starch showed worse. Within the tested K levels, the highest rice yield was obtained in level 2, BR, MR and HR were increased to the maximum in level 2.5 and then decreased, PC was increased, AC was decreased, the peak viscosity and breakdown were increased and then decreased, the setback was decreased and then increased.
Conclusions Under the experimental condition, suitable rates of N, P and K fertilizers could enhance rice processing quality and yields, N plays greater role than P and K. Comprehensively considering the yield, quality and economic profit, the recommended N 270 kg/hm², P 108 kg/hm² and K 216 kg/hm² for rice could coordinate preferably high-yield and good quality of rice.

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