• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
代新俊, 杨珍平, 陆梅, 李慧, 樊攀, 宋佳敏, 高志强. 不同形态氮肥及其用量对强筋小麦氮素转运、产量和品质的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(5): 710-720. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18220
引用本文: 代新俊, 杨珍平, 陆梅, 李慧, 樊攀, 宋佳敏, 高志强. 不同形态氮肥及其用量对强筋小麦氮素转运、产量和品质的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(5): 710-720. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18220
DAI Xin-jun, YANG Zhen-ping, LU Mei, LI Hui, FAN Pan, SONG Jia-min, GAO Zhi-qiang. Effects of nitrogen forms and amounts on nitrogen translocation, yield and quality of strong-gluten wheat[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(5): 710-720. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18220
Citation: DAI Xin-jun, YANG Zhen-ping, LU Mei, LI Hui, FAN Pan, SONG Jia-min, GAO Zhi-qiang. Effects of nitrogen forms and amounts on nitrogen translocation, yield and quality of strong-gluten wheat[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(5): 710-720. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18220

不同形态氮肥及其用量对强筋小麦氮素转运、产量和品质的影响

Effects of nitrogen forms and amounts on nitrogen translocation, yield and quality of strong-gluten wheat

  • 摘要:
    目的 研究强筋小麦产量品质形成的适宜氮肥形态和施氮量,对增加小麦产量、提高籽粒品质及减少农田氮污染有重要意义,同时为合理精确运筹施氮提供理论依据。
    方法 田间试验采用二因素裂区设计,氮肥形态为主区 (硝态氮肥、铵态氮肥、酰铵态氮肥),氮肥用量为副区 (低氮75 kg/hm2、中氮150 kg/hm2、高氮225 kg/hm2)。分析小麦的氮转运量和产量、品质。
    结果 1) 在同一形态氮肥下,小麦成熟期氮累积量、籽粒产量和收获指数均在中氮 (150 kg/hm2) 处理达到最大值,中氮 (150 kg/hm2) 处理能通过显著增加花前氮转运量和花后氮积累量进而提高籽粒含氮量。生物产量、籽粒蛋白质组分含量 (除醇溶蛋白)、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量均随施氮量增加而提高。2) 在同一施氮量下,硝态氮肥和酰胺态氮肥处理的小麦各时期植株含氮量、生物产量和籽粒产量均显著高于铵态氮肥 (P < 0.05),硝态氮肥和酰胺态氮肥的籽粒产量处理无显著差异 (除低氮处理)。铵态氮肥处理的品质最差,酰胺态氮肥处理更有利于增加蛋白质和淀粉含量,改善籽粒品质,酰胺态氮肥处理的氮素吸收效率和氮素生产效率最高。3) 不同形态氮肥显著影响穗数,施氮量显著影响千粒重。产量和品质达到最优所需的氮肥用量不同,中氮 (150 kg/hm2) 时产量最高,高氮 (225 kg/hm2) 时品质最优。4) 方差分析表明,不同形态氮肥和施氮量对冬小麦各生育阶段氮素积累量及所占比例有极显著的影响 (P < 0.01),且二者存在极显著的互作效应。通径分析表明,叶片花前氮转运量对产量的直接影响最大,直接通径系数为0.614。
    结论 酰胺态氮肥是适合该地区的氮肥种类,酰胺态氮肥在中氮 (150 kg/hm2) 条件下能显著提高强筋小麦产量和籽粒含氮量,在高氮 (225 kg/hm2) 条件下能显著改善强筋小麦品质,因此在实际小麦生产中要根据产量品质要求合理运筹氮肥。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Nitrogen sources and application amount is not always reasonable in wheat production. This paper was to select the optimal nitrogen source and amount to increase of grain yield and quality of wheat, decrease field pollution, and at the same time found theoretical basis for reasonable and precise nitrogen application in forms and rates.
    Methods A two-factor splitting plot experiment was conducted, with N form as the main factor (NO3-N, NH4+-N and CONH2-N), and nitrogen levels of low (75 kg/hm2), medium (150 kg/hm2) and high (225 kg/hm2) as subplots. The N translocation, yield and quality of wheat were investigated.
    Results 1) For all the three N supplying forms, the medium N rate of 150 kg/hm2 showed the maximal nitrogen accumulation, the highest grain yield and harvest index at the wheat harvest stage. The medium N treatment also increased pre-anthesis N translocation and post-anthesis N accumulation. The biomass yields, all the grain protein fraction contents (except gliadin), protein contents, wet gluten contents, gluten indices, total starch, amylose, amylopectin, soluble sugar and sucrose contents were increased with the increase of nitrogen application rates. 2) Under the same N rate, the plant N content, biomass and grain yield of wheat with NO3-N and CONH2-N treatments were significantly higher than those with NH4+-N treatment (P < 0.05), there were no significant differences between NO3-N and CONH2-N at medium and high N levels. As for quality of wheat, CONH2-N was more benefit for increasing protein and gluten contents, and thus producing high grain quality; supplying of CONH2-N was also promote N uptake and nitrogen production efficiencies, the NH4+-N treatment, on the contrary, was the worst. 3) Nitrogen form affected spike number and nitrogen rate influenced the 1000-grain weight significantly. The highest yield was obtained with the medium N level (150 kg/hm2), and the best quality was obtained with the high nitrogen (225 kg/hm2). 4) Variance analysis showed that supplement of different forms and rates of nitrogen fertilizer significantly influenced N accumulation and its proportion at different growth stages of winter wheat (P < 0.01), and there was a highly significant interaction between N form and rate. Path analysis showed that the leaf N-translocation before anthesis directly affected yield with the direct path coefficient as 0.614.
    Conclusions Amide nitrogen is found most suitable nitrogen form for wheat growth in the tested area. CONH2-N in medium rate (150 kg/hm2) is suitable for increasing grain yield and nitrogen content, while in high rate (255 kg/hm2) is good for achieving high gluten grain. Therefore, nitrogen fertilization rate should be managed according to the yield and quality requirements in actual wheat production.

     

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