• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
武红亮, 王士超, 槐圣昌, 闫志浩, 马常宝, 薛彦东, 徐明岗, 卢昌艾. 近30年来典型黑土肥力和生产力演变特征[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(6): 1456-1464. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18238
引用本文: 武红亮, 王士超, 槐圣昌, 闫志浩, 马常宝, 薛彦东, 徐明岗, 卢昌艾. 近30年来典型黑土肥力和生产力演变特征[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(6): 1456-1464. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18238
WU Hong-liang, WANG Shi-chao, HUAI Sheng-chang, YAN Zhi-hao, MA Chang-bao, XUE Yan-dong, XU Ming-gang, LU Chang-ai. Evolutionary characteristics of fertility and productivity of typical black soil in recent 30 years[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(6): 1456-1464. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18238
Citation: WU Hong-liang, WANG Shi-chao, HUAI Sheng-chang, YAN Zhi-hao, MA Chang-bao, XUE Yan-dong, XU Ming-gang, LU Chang-ai. Evolutionary characteristics of fertility and productivity of typical black soil in recent 30 years[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(6): 1456-1464. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18238

近30年来典型黑土肥力和生产力演变特征

Evolutionary characteristics of fertility and productivity of typical black soil in recent 30 years

  • 摘要:
    目的 东北黑土区是我国粮食生产优势区和最重要的商品粮供应基地,明确黑土肥力现状及演变规律对黑土区耕地质量建设和粮食安全生产有重要意义。本研究拟以13个国家级黑土长期定位试验监测点为平台,对20世纪80年代以来近30年的黑土肥力和生产力水平进行分析,以期探明我国黑土肥力和生产力的演变特征,为黑土耕地质量管理和培肥提供科学依据和指导。
    方法 利用时间趋势分析和平均值及中值分析的方法对近30年黑土常规施肥下土壤养分和作物产量的变化趋势进行了分析,分别总结了黑土有机质 (SOM)、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、pH以及玉米产量在不同监测时期的演变特征和总体变化趋势;运用主成分分析和相关分析分别对上述5个肥力因子和作物产量进行分析,得出黑土土壤肥力的主要贡献因子和影响黑土作物产量的主要肥力因子。
    结果 与初始监测阶段相比,黑土有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均有提高,土壤速效养分含量增幅明显,2012—2016年黑土有效磷含量平均值为37.73 mg/kg,较监测初期的平均值 (17.38 mg/kg) 显著提高了117.1%;土壤速效钾含量也显著升高,2012—2016年速效钾的平均含量 (224.31 mg/kg) 较监测初期 (171.50 mg/kg) 提高44.9%。黑土的pH值呈现下降趋势,经过近30年长期施肥,黑土的pH值下降了0.59个单位。主成分分析结果表明,黑土土壤肥力整体增加的两个决定因子是土壤速效钾和有效磷,主要障碍因素是较低的土壤全氮和有机质含量。相关分析结果表明,影响玉米产量的主要肥力因子是土壤有机质和全氮含量。
    结论 在农民习惯施肥管理模式下,近30年黑土肥力和生产力水平整体提高,但持续提升肥力后效不足,同时土壤pH值降低,存在酸化的风险;黑土肥力提升的主要障碍因子是土壤全氮和有机质含量,所以黑土耕地培肥应该在平衡配施氮磷钾肥的基础上增加有机物料投入。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives To analysis the changes of fertility and productivity of the black soils in the past 30 years by using 13 national long-term black soil test sites, to provide scientific basis and guidance for improvement of soil quality and fertilizer management of black soils.
    Methods The trends of soil nutrients and crop yield under conventional fertilization in black soils were analyzed using time trend analysis and mean and median value analysis methods. The evolution characteristics and overall trends of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen, available phosphorus, readily available potassium, pH, and maize yield in different monitoring periods were summarized. Using principal component analysis and correlation analysis, the five fertility factors and crop yields were analyzed to indentify the major contribution factors for soil fertility and the major fertility factors affecting crop yield.
    Results Compared with the initial monitoring stage, the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in black soils all increased, and the available soil nutrients content increased significantly. The average content of available phosphorus in 2012−2016 was 37.73 mg/kg, which was significantly greater than the average content of the initial monitoring period (17.38 mg/kg). The soil available potassium content also showed a significant increasing trend. The average available potassium content (224.31 mg/kg) in 2012−2016 was increased by 44.9% compared to the initial monitoring period (171.50 mg/kg). The pH of black soils showed a downward trend. After nearly 30 years of long-term fertilization, soil pH decreased by 0.59 units. The principal component analysis showed that the two determinants of soil fertility in the black soil were the soil available potassium and available phosphorus, and the major constraint was the low soil total nitrogen and organic matter content. Correlation analysis showed that the major fertility factors affecting maize yield were soil organic matter and total nitrogen content.
    Conclusion Under conventional farmer's fertilization management, the fertility and productivity of the black soil has been increased in the past 30 years, but the effect is not sustainable. Meanwhile, soil pH has been decreased and there is a risk of acidification. The major constraint to the improvement of soil fertility is soil total nitrogen and organic matter content. Therefore, fertility management of the arable land in the black soil region should pay attention to rational application of organic materials on the basis of balanced application of N, P and K fertilizers.

     

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