• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
陆大克, 段骅, 王维维, 刘明爽, 魏艳秋, 徐国伟. 不同干湿交替灌溉与氮肥形态耦合下水稻根系生长及功能差异[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(8): 1362-1372. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18352
引用本文: 陆大克, 段骅, 王维维, 刘明爽, 魏艳秋, 徐国伟. 不同干湿交替灌溉与氮肥形态耦合下水稻根系生长及功能差异[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(8): 1362-1372. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18352
LU Da-ke, DUAN Hua, WANG Wei-wei, LIU Ming-shuang, WEI Yan-qiu, XU Guo-wei. Comparison of rice root development and function among different degrees of dry-wet alternative irrigation coupled with nitrogen forms[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(8): 1362-1372. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18352
Citation: LU Da-ke, DUAN Hua, WANG Wei-wei, LIU Ming-shuang, WEI Yan-qiu, XU Guo-wei. Comparison of rice root development and function among different degrees of dry-wet alternative irrigation coupled with nitrogen forms[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(8): 1362-1372. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.18352

不同干湿交替灌溉与氮肥形态耦合下水稻根系生长及功能差异

Comparison of rice root development and function among different degrees of dry-wet alternative irrigation coupled with nitrogen forms

  • 摘要:
    目的 适宜的灌溉方式及氮肥管理是水稻高产高效的有效途径,大多数研究集中于地上部分及产量品质的形成,而对于根系形态生理及其与产量之间的关系研究还不够深入。本文探讨了干湿交替灌溉方式与氮肥形态耦合对水稻根系形态、生理及代谢的影响,探索干湿交替灌溉与氮肥形态耦合机理,为水稻高产及根系生理提供理论依据。
    方法 试验于2016和2017年在河南科技大学试验农场进行,以徐稻3号为材料,供试土壤土质为黏壤土,采用灌水方式和氮肥形态二因素随机试验,设置CK 浅水层灌溉 (0 kPa)、WMD轻度干湿交替灌溉 (–20 kPa)和WSD重度干湿交替灌溉 (– 40 kPa) 3种灌溉方式。氮肥供应设置铵态氮∶硝态氮三个混合比例处理:100∶0、50∶50 (即1∶1)、0∶100,由硫酸铵、硝酸铵和硝酸钠提供氮源。在分蘖盛期、穗分化始期、抽穗期和成熟期采样,以水稻茎基部为中心,挖取20 cm (长) × 20 cm (宽) × 30 cm (深) 的土块测定干湿交替灌溉和氮肥形态处理的水稻根长、直径、表面积、体积、根尖数等根系形态指标、根系氧化力,采集根系伤流液分析其中氨基酸、蛋白质、可溶性糖含量以及在成熟期测定产量和产量构成。
    结果 灌溉方式与氮肥形态之间存在显著的互作关系。WMD与铵硝1∶1耦合后水稻产量最高,达到1015.8 g/m2,为本试验的最佳互作组合模式。WMD下,铵硝1∶1处理主要生育时期的根长显著增加了10.6%~17.0%,平均根直径增加了3.98%~25.25%,根体积增加了5.27%~26.40%,根表面积增加了6.27%~25.19%,提高了根尖数、根系伤流液中氨基酸、蛋白质、可溶性糖的含量,促进了根系的碳氮代谢和对养分、水分的吸收。WSD降低单位面积穗数及每穗粒数,显著降低水稻产量,铵硝100∶0处理平均降低38.20%、铵硝1∶1平均降低29.94%、铵硝0∶100平均降低35.0%,减少了根系长度,降低根体积、根表面积、根尖数,抑制根系活力及伤流液中物质的合成,不利于根系功能的维持。不同水分条件下氮肥形态对根系的影响不一,CK下,100%NH4+处理根长及根系活力提高,而在WMD下,硝铵1∶1处理改善根系形态、提高根系活性,促进根系碳氮代谢,100%NO3处理不利于根系生长及根系功能的维持。水稻根长、根体积、根表面积、根尖数、根系活力与产量呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。施用100%NO3处理单位面积穗数下降,产量降低明显。
    结论 轻度适宜的干湿交替灌溉配合施用一定比例的铵硝混合氮肥可以充分发挥水肥的耦合效应,促进强健根系形态的建成,提高根系的碳氮代谢及养分吸收利用,从而促进水稻的高产稳产。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the main staple food crops in the world. Nitrogen application and irrigation play key roles in rice production. This study investigated the coupling effects of dry-wet alternative irrigation with nitrogen supplying forms on root morphology and physiology of rice, to provide a theoretical basis for efficient water and nutrient management in high-yield production of rice.
    Methods Field experiments were conducted with completely 2-factor random design in the Pilot Farm of Henan University of Science and Technology in 2016 and 2017, the tested rice cultivar was Oryza sativa L. cv. Xudao-3 and the soil was clay loam. Three N form treatments of NH4+-N∶NO3-N ratio in 100∶0, 50∶50 (1∶1) and 0∶100 were set up, using ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate as the required N sources and with three irrigation regimes included shallow submerged irrigation control (CK, 0 kPa), alternative wetting and moderate drying (–20 kPa, WMD) and alternate wetting and severe drying (–40 kPa, WSD). Plant and soil samples were collected at mid-tillering, panicle initiation, heading and maturity stages. In soil sample volume of 20 cm × 20 cm × 30 cm with the plant stem in the center, root length, diameter, surface area, volume and tip number were measured, the oxidative ability and the contents of amino acid, protein and soluble sugar in root bleeding sap were determined. The yield and its composition at maturity were investigated.
    Results There was a significant interaction between irrigation regime and nitrogen forms. Grain yield was the highest in the treatment of ammonium nitrate ratio 1∶1 coupling with WMD among all treatments in two years. Under WMD, the ammonium nitrate ratio 50∶50 treatment enhanced root length, average root diameter, root volume and root surface area at the main growth stages with averages of 10.6%–17.0%, 3.98%–25.25%, 5.27%–26.40% and 6.27%–25.19%, respectively, and increased the number of root tips, the contents of amino acids, proteins and soluble sugar in root bleeding fluid, and promoted carbon, nitrogen metabolism and nutrient status, water absorption in the root system. Under WSD, panicle number per unit area and grain number per panicle reduced, hence the rice yield reduced with averages of 38.2% for NH4+, 29.9% for NH4+-N∶NO3-N ratio in 1∶1 and 35.0% for NO3. WSD reduced root length, root volume, root surface area and root tip number, inhibited root activity and material synthesis in bleeding sap, and it was not conducive to the maintenance of root function. Nitrogen forms in different irrigation regimes had different effects on root system. Under CK, root morphology, root activity, root bleeding sap components of amino acid, protein, soluble sugar content were higher under the condition of NH4+ treatment. Under WMD, the NH4+-N∶NO3-N ratio in 1∶1 treatment improved root morphology, increased root activity, and promoted root carbon and nitrogen metabolism. The treatment of NO3 reduced root length, average root diameter, root volume and root surface area at the main growth stages, which also decreased the number of root tips, the content of amino acids, proteins and soluble sugar in root bleeding fluid, and inhibited carbon, nitrogen metabolism and nutrient, water absorption in the root system. Besides, grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with root length, root volume, root surface area, number of root tips, and root activity at main growth stages. The NO3 treatment reduced rice yield significantly.
    Conclusions Moderate wet-dry irrigation coupled with mixed supply of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen fertilizers are inductive to construct satisfactory root morphology and active physiological functions, which is the foundation for high yield of rice. These results suggest that a good root morphology and physiology, improving root of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and nutrient uptake through the appropriate regulation of irrigation regime coupling with ammonium nitrate are much more beneficial to increasing grain yield of rice.

     

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