3 种作物幼嫩茎叶干粉对连作辣椒幼苗生长及根际土壤生物特性的影响

张福建; 王馨悦; 陈昱; 王丰; 范淑英; 吴才君

doi:10.11674/zwyf.18395

3 种作物幼嫩茎叶干粉对连作辣椒幼苗生长及根际土壤生物特性的影响

Effects of applying dry powders of three crop seedlings on pepper seedling growth and rhizosphere soil biological characteristics in continuous cropping system

摘要

摘要:
目的探究3种作物幼嫩茎叶干粉施入对连作辣椒幼苗生长及根际土壤的影响，旨在寻找一种安全有效的缓解辣椒连作障碍的方式。
方法以线椒‘辛香8号’为供试作物，在江西农业大学生态园蔬菜试验基地进行了盆栽试验。供试土壤取自江西省农业科学院试验基地辣椒连作5年的土壤，将芥菜、大麦苗和芹菜的幼嫩茎叶烘干粉碎后，用于处理连作土壤。设置4个处理，以不加任何作物幼嫩茎叶干粉的连作土为对照 (CK)，按1∶50 (干重) 添加芥菜粉 (M)、大麦苗粉 (B) 和芹菜粉 (C)。定植30天后，测定辣椒叶绿素含量和光合效率，测量植株生长状况及生物量，并分析了土壤微生物种群数量。
结果与CK相比，3个处理均能够促进辣椒幼苗的生长发育。其中以M和B处理效果最好，定植30 天时辣椒株高、茎粗、生物量以及壮苗指数均高于对照；同时3个处理可以促进辣椒根系生长，与对照相比，辣椒根系长度、根系表面积以及根系体积存在显著差异。处理后辣椒叶片PSⅡ最大量子产量 (Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际量子产量Y (Ⅱ) 和光化学淬灭系数 (qP) 均有所提高，但3个处理对非化学淬灭系数 (NQP) 影响不大。M处理的辣椒叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a + b含量均高于其他处理，较对照分别增加了25.3%、45.4%和30.6%。3个处理均能够提高辣椒土壤pH值，分别比CK提高了27.6%、24.5%和25.4%。3个处理均能增加土壤放线菌、细菌和总菌数量，其中放线菌数量比CK增加了71.9%、73.8%和67.5%，细菌数量比CK增加了1.18%、55.5%和30.4%，总菌数量比CK增加了4.55%、57.1%、33.9%。3个处理均能降低土壤真菌数量，降幅分别为69.8%、68.1%和75.8%。3个处理均能显著降低土壤电导率，分别比CK降低了44.2%、35.1%和48.0%。处理后的辣椒土壤蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著提高，但土壤脲酶活性要显著低于对照。
结论 3种作物干粉处理均能促进连作辣椒的生长发育，提高土壤蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性，增加土壤细菌和放线菌数量，降低真菌数量，有助于改善土壤环境和微生物结构，其中以芥菜粉处理效果最佳。

Abstract:
Objectives To find a safe and effective way to alleviate pepper continuous cropping obstacle, the effects of applying dry powder of three crops seedlings on pepper seedling growth and rhizosphere soil biological characteristics.
Methods A pot experiment was conducted with four treatments: control treatment (CK, continuous cropping soil without application of plant dry powder), using mustard seedlings dry powder (M), barley young stem and leaf dry powder (B) and celery young stem and leaf dry powder (C).
Results Compared with CK, three other treatments promoted the growth and development of pepper seedlings. Among them, M and B treatmens had the best treatment effect, and the height of the pepper plant at 30 days after planting was higher than that in CK. At the same time, the three treatments promoted root growth of pepper, leading to significant differences in root length, root surface area and root volume. Processed pepper leaf PSⅡ maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), PSⅡ actual quantum yield Y (Ⅱ) and light chemical quenching coefficient (qP) improved, but the three treatments had little impact on non chemical quenching coefficient (NQP). The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a + b of M treatment were higher than those in other treatments by 25.3%, 45.4% and 30.6%, respectively. All three treatments improved the pH of pepper soil by 27.6%, 24.5% and 25.4% compared to CK, respectively. The three treatments increased the amount of soil actinomycetes, bacteria and total bacteria. The amount of actinomycetes increased by 71.9%, 73.8% and 67.5%, compared with CK, the amount of bacteria increased by 1.18%, 55.5% and 30.4% compared with CK, and the total amount of bacteria increased by 4.55%, 57.1% and 33.9% compared with CK. All three treatments reduced the amount of soil fungi by 69.8%, 68.1% and 75.8%, respectively. After the treatments, the activity of sucrase, acid phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase was significantly increased, but the activity of soil urease was significantly lower than that of control.
Conclusions The three crop dry powders all show the effect in promoting the growth and development of continuous cropping pepper, increasing the activity of soil invertase, acid phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase, increasing the number of soil bacteria and actinomycetes and reducing the number of fungi. Therefore their application is beneficial to improve soil environment and microorganism structure. Among the three tested dry powders, mustard seedlings dry powder has the best satisfactory effect.

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