测苗定氮综合氮素管理提高直播稻产量和肥料利用效率

蒋鹏; 徐富贤; 熊洪; 张林; 郭晓艺; 朱永川; 周兴兵; 刘茂

doi:10.11674/zwyf.19032

测苗定氮综合氮素管理提高直播稻产量和肥料利用效率

Integrated nitrogen management based on leaf diagnosis increases yield and fertilizer efficiency of direct-seeding rice

摘要

摘要:
目的直播水稻生长期和养分吸收均不同于传统插秧稻。本研究比较了直播稻不同品种对苗期定氮综合氮素管理措施的响应，以期为直播稻的最佳氮肥管理提供理论依据。
方法于2016—2017年在成都平原，以超级杂交稻、普通杂交稻、普通常规稻为材料进行了田间试验。设置两种氮肥调控处理：“一基多追”(即基肥、苗肥、分蘖肥、穗肥，N1)和“无基多追”(即氮肥不基施，中后期采用测苗定氮综合氮肥管理技术，N2)，以不施氮为对照 (N0)。于分蘖中期、幼穗分化期、齐穗期，采用叶绿素仪 (SPAD-502) 测定叶片SPAD值。于收获期，取样测定氮磷钾含量，调查产量及产量构成。
结果与N1处理相比，N2处理施氮量减少了33.3%～40.0%，直播稻产量并未出现显著下降；氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥吸收利用率平均分别提高了48.9%、56.7%、11.9%；N2处理直播稻氮、钾吸收量平均分别降低了10.8%、5.8%；生产1000 kg稻谷氮、钾需求量平均分别降低了9.4%、4.0%，磷吸收量和生产1000 kg稻谷磷需求量与N1处理相当。与普通杂交稻和普通常规稻相比，相同氮素管理措施下，超级杂交稻产量平均增加了11.7%，氮、磷、钾吸收量平均分别增加了21.5%、37.7%、17.5%，每生产1000 kg稻谷氮、磷、钾需求量平均分别增加了8.9%、24.3%、6.5%。超级杂交稻较高的氮、磷、钾养分吸收量和较低的氮、磷、钾收获指数是其生产单位稻谷氮、磷、钾需求量增加的主要原因。
结论直播稻基肥不施氮，中后期采用测苗定氮综合氮肥管理技术，不仅可以减少1/3的氮肥投入量，还可维持直播稻较高的产量，减少生产1000 kg稻谷的需氮量和需钾量，提高氮肥效率。超级杂交稻比普通杂交稻和常规稻更适合采用测苗定氮综合管理技术。

Abstract:
Objectives Direct-seeding rice production has attracted great attentions because of its social and economical benefits. The effects of nitrogen management practice on grain yield and N, P, K absorption and utilization and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under direct-seeding condition were studied with expectation for providing theoretical basis for optimum nitrogen fertilizer management in direct-seeding rice.
Methods A field experiment with super-high-yield hybrid rice (SHYR), ordinary hybrid and inbred rice cultivars were conducted in Chengdu Plain in 2016 and 2017. Both conventional N management (N1) and integrated N management relying on nutrition diagnosis of leaves and without basal fertilizer (N2) were applied on all the four rice cultivars. Grain yield, nutrient uptake, nitrogen use efficiency and NPK requirement for producing 1000 kg grains were measured at maturing stage of rice.
Results In treatment N2, the total N application rate was 33.3%–40.0% lower than that in treatment N1, but there was not significant difference in grain yield between them. The agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity and recovery efficiency of N fertilizer in treatment N2 were 48.9%, 56.7% and 11.9% higher than those in treatment N1, respectively. The N and K uptake in direct-seeding rice in treatment N2 were 10.8% and 5.8% lower, and the N and K requirements for producing 1000 kg grains were 9.4% and 4.0% lower than those in treatment N1, which were mainly due to the higher N and K harvest index of direct-seeding rice in treatment N2; the P uptake and P requirement for producing 1000 kg grains were similar in treatment N2 and N1. Compared with ordinary hybrid and inbred rice cultivars, SHYR had higher grain yield and NPK uptake. On average, the N, P and K requirement for producing 1000 kg grains of SHYR were 8.9%, 24.3% and 6.5% higher than those of ordinary hybrid, and inbred rice cultivars.
Conclusions Direct-seeding rice shows positive response to the integrated N management relying on nutrition diagnostics at mid- and late stage. The technology could reduce total N input by 1/3 while sustain yield, decrease N and K requirement for production 1000 kg grains, and increase the fertilizer efficiencies significantly. Therefore, the integrated N management technology should be promoted in Chengdu Plain, especially in super-high-yield hybrid rice under direct seeding.

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