• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S
李嵩, 韩巍, 张凯, 依艳丽. 辽西褐土区高产土壤理化性质及影响玉米产量的主要因子[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(2): 267-275. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19092
引用本文: 李嵩, 韩巍, 张凯, 依艳丽. 辽西褐土区高产土壤理化性质及影响玉米产量的主要因子[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(2): 267-275. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19092
LI Song, HAN Wei, ZHANG Kai, YI Yan-li. Physical and chemical properties of high yield cinnamon soils and the main soil factors deciding maize yield in western Liaoning, China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(2): 267-275. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19092
Citation: LI Song, HAN Wei, ZHANG Kai, YI Yan-li. Physical and chemical properties of high yield cinnamon soils and the main soil factors deciding maize yield in western Liaoning, China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(2): 267-275. DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.19092

辽西褐土区高产土壤理化性质及影响玉米产量的主要因子

Physical and chemical properties of high yield cinnamon soils and the main soil factors deciding maize yield in western Liaoning, China

  • 摘要:
    目的 土壤耕层结构与肥力水平是影响玉米生长及其产量的重要因素。厘清辽西褐土区不同产量玉米田的土壤结构与肥力水平及其与玉米产量之间的关系,进而提出土壤合理耕层构建的评价指标,最终为该地区玉米产量的提高提供理论基础。
    方法 本研究在辽西褐土区选取不同产量玉米田共56块,将其分为产量 < 6000、6000~9000和 > 9000 kg/hm2 3个水平,分析调查土壤耕层与犁底层厚度、紧实度、容重、孔隙度、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮含量和玉米根系生长状况。采用预测变量重要性分析方法明确影响玉米产量的主要因素,提出辽西褐土区玉米高产所需的土壤耕层结构与肥力特征。
    结果 玉米产量随土壤耕层厚度增加而增加,随犁底层厚度增加而减小。不同产量玉米田的紧实度、容重和孔隙度在0—10 cm土层差异不大,而在10 cm—犁底层和犁底层差异较大,即产量 > 9000 kg/hm2玉米田的各项结构指标均优于产量 < 9000 kg/hm2玉米田。土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾和碱解氮等肥力状况在产量 > 9000 kg/hm2玉米田同样优于产量 < 9000 kg/hm2玉米田。不同产量地块的玉米根系生长情况出现明显差异。产量> 9000 kg/hm2玉米田的根干重和根长均明显高于产量 < 9000 kg/hm2玉米田。分土层来看,所有玉米田的根系都主要分布在0—20 cm土层,产量 < 6000、6000~9000和 > 9000 kg/hm2玉米田在0—20 cm土层的根干重分别占0—40 cm总量的83.3%、79.8%和81.1%,根长分别占83.0%、74.6%和71.7%。这不但说明根系对水分和养分的吸收主要集中在0—20 cm土层,同时也表明产量 > 9000 kg/hm2玉米田在20—40 cm土层的根系分布仍然比产量 < 9000 kg/hm2玉米田要丰富。所有结构性质与肥力因素中,耕层厚度和有效磷含量是影响辽西玉米高产的最重要因素。
    结论 辽西褐土区高产玉米田具有以下特征:耕层厚度18~26 cm,平均23 cm;紧实度低于1000 kPa;耕层土壤容重处于1.14~1.39 g/cm3,平均1.27 g/cm3;耕层土壤总孔隙度为47.4%~58.5%,平均52.2%,毛管孔隙度平均33.5%,通气孔隙度平均18.7%;耕层土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别为14.8 g/kg、34.7 mg/kg、21.2 mg/kg、159.9 mg/kg。提高土壤有效磷含量、增加耕层厚度是培肥中低产田最迫切的任务。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Topsoil structure and fertility affect the growth and yield of maize. This paper studied the structure and fertility of topsoils under different maize yield levels, so as to clarify the important factors deciding yield, and provide a reference for the cultivation of fertile cinnamon soil in western Liaoning Province.
    Methods 56 maize fields were selected and divided into 3 categories according to yield levels ( < 6000, 6000–9000 and > 9000 kg/hm2). Soil physical properties (topsoil and subsoil thickness, compaction, bulk density and porosity) and nutrient contents (organic matter, available N, available P and available K) were measured, and the maize root morphology was determined. The importance of the tested items was specified.
    Results Maize yield increased with the increase of topsoil thickness, but opsite with the increase of subsoil thickness. The soil compaction, bulk density and soil porosity among different maize fields were not significantly different in soil layer of 0–10 cm, but significantly different in soil layer of 10 cm–subsoil. All the indexes of soil structure in fields with yield > 9000 kg/hm2 were superior to those in fields with yield < 9000 kg/hm2. Also, the dry weight and length of maize roots in fields with yield > 9000 kg/hm2 were significantly higher than those in fields with yield < 9000 kg/hm2. Maize roots in all fields were mainly distributed in 0–20 cm soil layer. In maize fields with yield < 6000, 6000–9000 and > 9000 kg/hm2, the dry weight of roots in 0–20 cm soil layer were 83.3%, 79.8% and 81.1%, and the root lengths were 83.0%, 74.6% and 71.7% of the total in 0–40 cm soil layer, respectively. The water and nutrients absorbed by roots were thus mainly from 0–20 cm soil layer. In spite of that, the root distribution in 20–40 cm soil layer in fields with yield > 9000 kg/hm2 were still significantly higher than those in fields with yields ranged from 6000 to 9000 kg/hm2 and < 6000 kg/hm2. According to analysis of predicting the importance of variables, the topsoil thickness and available P content were the top two important factors affecting the yield of maize in western Liaoning.
    Conclusions For maize yield level of > 9000 kg/hm2 in the tested area, the ideal physical properties of the topsoil are 23 cm in thickness, compaction (0–20 cm) lower than 1000 kPa, bulk density 1.27 g/cm3, with total porosity of 52.2%, capillary porosity of 33.5%, and aeration porosity of 18.7%; The good chemical properties are organic matter 14.8 g/kg, alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen 34.7 mg/kg, available phosphorus 21.2 mg/kg and available potassium 159.9 mg/kg, respectively. Increasing available P content and topsoil sickness are the top two targets for middle and low yield fields in the tested area.

     

/

返回文章
返回